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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Optimal Foraging Theory
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-Maximize Energy Intake
-Minimize time spent searching for food -Avoid toxins/poisons -Avoid becoming prey |
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Proximate Causation
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explains HOW actions occur
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Ultimate Causation
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explains WHY actions occur
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Behavior
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response to a stimulus
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Learning
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a change in behavior resulting from a specific experience in an individual's life
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Fixed Action Patterns
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stereotypical behavior patterns usually triggered by simple stimuli
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Innate Behavior
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inherited behavior showing little variation based on learning or condition of the individual.
-instinctive -preset paths in the nervous system -genetic Ex: Goose replacing an egg from her nest |
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Ehthology
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study of natural history of behavior
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Imprinting
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form social attachment to other individuals
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Sexual Selection Theory
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-proposed by Darwin
-secondary sex characteristics develop b/c females prefer to mate w/ individuals w/ those features |
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sexual selection
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-does NOT adapt the individual to the environment
-arises in response to female choice or male competition |
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Intersexual selection
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females choose males based on elaborate ornamentation or behaviors
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Intrasexual selection
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Males comepete for:
-territory -access to females -access to areas where displays take place |
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Mutualism
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fitness gains for both parties
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altruism
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instigator pays fitness cost & recipient benefits
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Selfishness
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instigator gains, participant loses
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Spite
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Both parties lose
*Almost never seen in nature |
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Direct Fitness
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Fitness gained by personal reproduction
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Indirect Fitness
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Fitness gained by relatives reproducing
-Benefit must outweigh cost |
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SCIENCE
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the search for patterns in nature and the causes of those patterns
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ecology
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study of the abundance and distribution of and interactions between organisms
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species
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group of similar organisms that can actually or potentially reproduce and are reproductively isolated from other groups
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key environmental factor
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-sunlight
-temperature -water -soil |
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ecological niche
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range of a- and biotic factors within which an individual can make a positive contribution to the next generation
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population
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group of organisms (all the same species) that live together and reproduce
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population ecology
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study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time
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metapopulation
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set of discrete subpopulations linked by migration
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life table
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methodology used to monitor and determine patterns of mortality and survivorship in a population
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cohort
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group of individuals born about the same time
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survivorship curve
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traces decline in the number of a cohort over time
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Fecundity schedule
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pattern of biths among individuals of different ages in a population
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Survivorship Curves (3 types)
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type 1: high overall survivorship. Most reach max lifespan (i.e. Humans)
type 2: relativley constant survivorship (i.e. songbirds) type 3: high death rate early in life, high survivorship after maturity (i.e. plants) |
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Fecundity
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# of females produced from females in population
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exponential growth
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-density independent
-cannot continue indefinitely |
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density dependent growth
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when population density gets very high, per capita birth rates decrease and per capita death rates decrease
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