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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How much of our life does sleep occupy?
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One third
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What is sleep activated by?
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It is actively generated by the discharge of specific neurons in certain parts of the brain.
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What is sleep?
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Sleep is a biological state consisting of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
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How long do NREM cycles last for?
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80 minutes
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How long does a REM sleep cycle last for?
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10 minutes
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How many times a night will a full 90 minute sleep cycle occur?
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3-6 times each night
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As cycles progress through the night, what happens to NREM and REM sleep?
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The amount of NREM sleep decreases as REM sleep increases
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What do EEG patterns of stage 1 NREM sleep look like?
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Low voltage, mixed frequency
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What do EEG patterns of REM sleep look like?
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Low voltage, mixed frequency
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What do EEG patterns of stage 2 NREM sleep look like?
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Low voltage, 12-14 Hz spindles
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What do EEG patterns of stage 3 NREM sleep look like?
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Some delta waves
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What do EEG patterns of stage 4 NREM sleep look like?
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Nearly all delta waves
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What do EOG patterns look like in NREM sleep?
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Slow, rolling eye movements
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What do EOG patterns look like in tonic REM?
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Isolated rapid eye movemets
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What do EOG patterns look like in phasic REM?
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Clusters of rapid eye movements
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What are the EMG patterns of NREM sleep?
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Moderate activity; some moving about
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What are the EMG patterns of tonic REM?
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Atonia in peripheral muscles
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What are the EMG patterns of phasic REM?
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Atonia plus occasional muscular twitching
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What happens to cerebral activity during NREM sleep?
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Cerebral activity decreases
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What happens to cerebral activity during tonic REM?
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Increases
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What happens to cerebral activity during phasic REM?
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Further increases
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What happens to the heart rate and blood pressure during NREM?
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Heart rate slows down, blood pressure decreases
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What happens to heart rate and blood pressure during tonic REM?
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Both stay about the same
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What happens to heart rate and blood pressure during phasic REM?
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Both increase and are variable
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What happens to cerebral blood flow during NREM sleep?
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No change in blood flow
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What happens to cerebral blood flow during tonic REM?
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Blood flow increases
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What happens to cerebral blood flow during phasic REM?
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Blood flow further increases
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During NREM sleep, what happens to respiration and airway resistance?
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Respiration decreases; airway resistance further increases
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During tonic REM sleep, what happens to respiration and airway resistance?
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Both increase and are variable
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During phasic REM sleep, what happens to respiration and airway resistance?
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Both further increase and are variable
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During NREM sleep, is penile or clitoral tumescence common?
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Changes are infrequent
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During tonic REM sleep, is penile or clitoral tumescence common?
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Yes
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During phasic REM sleep, is penile or clitoral tumescence common?
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Yes
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Which hormone is secreted during sleep early on in the night?
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Growth hormone
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Which hormone peaks later during sleep and what does it do?
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Prolactin - milk production
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Which hormone secretion occurs during sleep predominantly in puberty?
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Gonadotropin
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Secretion of which hormone peaks in the evening and is inhibited during sleep?
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Thyroid stimulating hormone.
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How much do small mammals sleep?
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A lot (10-20 hours a day)
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How much do large mammals sleep?
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Less (5-10 hours a day)
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Which sleep stage do reptiles ONLY show signs of?
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NREM sleep - no REM sleep
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Amphibians and fish exhibit which sleep stages?
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NEITHER NREM or REM - just rest/activity cycles
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How many hours a day do newborns sleep?
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About 16-18 hours a day
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How many hours a day do young children sleep?
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About 10 hours a day
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How many hours a day do adolescents and adults sleep a day?
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Adolescents 8 hours; adults 7-8 hours
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How many hours do elderly people sleep a day?
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Around 5-6 hours a day
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How much of newborn sleep is REM sleep?
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50%
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How much of adult sleep is REM sleep?
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20%
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Do elderly people spend more time in NREM or REM sleep?
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REM sleep - NREM declines with age
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Which brain mechanisms does wakefullness depend on?
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Principally on the functioning of reticular activating system in the brain stem.
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Which area of the brain controls NREM sleep?
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The basal forebrain
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Which area of the brain controls REM sleep?
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Dorsolateral pontine tegmentum.
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How long does it take to dream a dream?
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As long as it would take to act out the dream in real life
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What do emotions in dreams usually reflect?
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The dreamers personality
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What is not usually incorporated in to dreams?
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Stimuli from waking life
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Which stages of sleep does dreaming occur in?
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NREM and REM - all stages
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Which chemicals are associated with wakefullness?
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Cortical noradrenaline, dopamine and acetylcholine
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Which chemicals are associated with NREM sleep?
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Maintained by GABA
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Which chemicals are associated with REM sleep?
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Acetylcholine - activates pontine neurons which initiates REM sleep
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What is the TIMING of sleep regulated by?
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A circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
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Apart from restoration, conservation, avoidance and memory consolidation, which are three other possible functions of sleep?
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a. Brain Growth
b. Programming of Innate Behaviour c. Discharge of Emotions |
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What are the MAIN functions of sleep?
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Restoration, conservation, avoidance and memory consolidation
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Which three things are associated with narcolepsy?
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Cataplexy, sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations.
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What causes REM Behavior Disorder?
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When there is a failure of the mechanisms that normally promote atonia
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What is Hypersomnia and what may cause it?
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Daytime sleepiness; possibly caused by obstructive sleep apnoea
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