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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 3 aspects did Freud emphasize in the interpretation of dreams |
why dreaming occurs, how dreams are formed, a method of dream interpretation |
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What did freud believe are the 2 main function of dreams? |
to release psychic tension from unconscious wished, and to keep sleep from being interrupted |
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what leads to wish fufillment |
when the mind transforms unconsious forces into a disguised version (dream) in order to get pas the sensor |
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what is latent content? |
the undisguised, underlying content of a dream (hidden) |
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what is manifest content? |
what is remembered upon waking |
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what is secondary revision |
when thoughts and impulses are logically transformed into visual format ad story line is added through dramatization |
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What are 8 dream mechanisms |
symbolizing, dramatization, numberization, condensation and dilation, reversal of roles, dissimulation, fusion and tranformation of images, omission |
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what is condensation in a dream |
when many thoughts merge into one image or event |
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when does displacement occur in dreaming? |
if something unconscious is too threatening |
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what is Jungs individuation? |
unconscious perception to complement waking points of view |
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where are archetypes located according to Jung |
the collective unconscious |
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what are some elements of archetypes |
persona (the image we put forth), shadow (the dark repressed aspects that push for recognition) |
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what are animus and anima |
animus is the male element in the female unconscious and anima is the female element in the male unconsious |
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How would jung work with a client on dreams? |
ask about waking life in relaiton to dream, ask them to elaborate about images and ideas in the dream, personal amplification, objective amplification |
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what is personal and objective amplification |
personal amplification involves asking the dreamer to explore and describe any of their own associations. Objective amplification involves the dream analyst describing elements of the dream that are part of the culture |
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what did alfred adler believe dreams are |
failed adaptations of waking reality that help prepare for the future |
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what did French and Fromm believe each dream contained? |
a focal conflict involving a current problem |
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what is Boss's esplication |
when you look at what is and isn't in the dream and then see how the dreamer relatates to the elements |
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what did Hall believe the different characters in dreams represented |
different parts of the self |
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what is Pearls method of dream analysis |
Gestalt- parts of dreams are disconnected parts of self. The person acts out various parts of the dream to understand it and become your true self |
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what did Mahrer feel about dreams |
he would go into the dreams, amplify the potentials and wive them emotions in order to become more experienced in the honest self |
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What are 6 methods used by experts for dreams |
cultural formaula, psychotheoretical formula, associative, emotion-focusing, personal projection, phenomenological |
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what is the cultural-formula |
the dreamer is told what components mean by someone skilled |
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what is the psychotheoretical formula |
when a trained analyist interprets the themes and images for the dreamer through ta psychological theory |
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what is the emotion-focusing method |
when the dreamer assumes the role of an image in the dream and acts it out |
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what is the personal projection method |
when someone projects cultural, psychotheoretical, personal, and emotional associations and dreamers say yes or no |
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what is the basis of the activation synthesis model |
that dreaming during Rems is a result of the REM-ON area configuring the functioning of the brain difference by adjusting several forebrain systems |
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what are some criticisms of the activation sysnthesis model |
it is too neurological, they used animal brains and it does not explain non-dreamers |
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What is Hobsons AIM |
level of Activation in the brain , relative source of Impact, internal, vs external to the activated ares, the info-processing Mode that is related to the relative levels of various neurotransmitters at the moment |
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according to Hobsons AIM, when does dreaming occur |
when A is high, I is internal, and M is dominated by Acetylcholine |
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What does Solms think dreams occur |
because of functional recognition ofthe higher portions of the brain; motives instigate dreams |
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What does Foulkes say dreaming depends on? |
the ability to access and cognitiviely process recent experiences, knowledge, and memories |
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what are Hunt's 6 types of dream |
personal-mnemic dreams , medical-somatic dreams, prophetic dreams, achetypal-spiritual dreams, nightmares, lucid dreams |
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What are the 3 major aspects of Hartmann's theories? |
1. the functional structure of the brain when dreaming 2. the emotional focus of dreams 3. an aspect of personality related to dreaming |
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How does Domhoff view dreaming |
developmental, cognitive process resulting from the maturation and maintenance of a network of certain forebrain process |
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what two principles does Domhoff argue dreams use |
continuity principle (present concerns of dreamer) and the repetition principle (emotional concerns of past) |
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How did the Greeks view sleep |
as caused by and causing distribution of body heat |
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Explain Rechtschaffen's experiment with rats |
rates got woken up, the rats that only got 10% of normal sleep dies in 2-3 weeks, the ones that were only deprived of N3 lasted 2x as long. The ones that almost died but were allowed sleep were fine after |
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what were the 3 types of malfunctions that occurred in the rats that were allowed to recover in Rechtschaffen's experiment |
1. metabolic processes shown by a loss of weight 2. decreased resistance to infection 3. disruption of anabolic hormone
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what are the two main types of theories on sleep as a function for the body |
restorative and adaptive |
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what are restorative theories of sleep focused on |
sleep as a period of inactivity (restoring body processes depleted during wakefulness and conservation of energy) and sleep as a time of reduced body temp and energy (lack of body and brain activity) |
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What is Webb's idea of non-responding sleep as adaptive |
immobility of sleep attracts less predator attention |
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what are 4 reasons that sleep may play an important role in memory consolidation |
verbal matter is retained better after sleep, changes occur in sleep in the brain following learning, brain stim during sleep, brain repeats pattern of activity during sleep |
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What does Kananau believe is the primary reason for sleep? |
to periodically reactivate brain circuits containing memories in order to maintain them |
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how does sleep benefit the brain chemically |
chemical benefits reduce the levels of unwanted chemicals and increase levels of desirable ones |
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what does Morizzi believe sleep is for? |
the slow recovery of synapses involved in learning, memory, and consciousness |
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what do Tononi and Cirelli argue N3 is for |
reducing the number of synapses that are waste |
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What is some evidence that the function of N3 is for restoration of the body |
the longer we are awake, the more intense N3 is, increase of anabolic hormones during NREMS, growth hormone is present during the first N3 period in adults, N3 has a homestatic funtion |
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what is some evidence N3 is for the restoration of the brain |
the slowing down of brain activity during N3 allows for repair |
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what is some evidence that N3 is for conservation |
conserves energy by reducing metabolic rate, energy, and temperature |
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What are the 2 functional types of sleep according to Jim Horne |
core sleep (obligatory) which is restorative and homeostatic with a high proportion of N3, and extended sleep (optional) which is more flexible in accordance with safety, and environment and has higher REMS |
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What does Cohen say are the 2 types of functions of REMS |
some anticipate future needs and ensure readiness while others respond to what the organism has experiences and attempts to better or more efficiently utilize that experience |
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Why is REMS beneficial for growth |
there are longer periods during early development |
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why is REMS beneficial for maintenance |
autostimulation during REMS late in life is important to maintain synaptic connection and it periodically activated the reward system to keep it active |
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why is REMS beneficial for brain restoration? |
neurotransmitters that are heavily used when awake may be replenished |
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why is REMS adaptive |
keeps the brain and brainstem warm when the body cools, the brain is free from competitive uses, and it helps to regulate mood and reduce drive motivate behaviour |
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what is some evidence that there is relation between REMS and NREMS |
the amount of rems is related to the amout of NREMS, not the amount of waking, Rems also helps determing the adequacy of repair done in NREMS |
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What are the new theories of dreams that were introduced in the mid and late 20th century |
that we dream about emotionally arousing or significant things, that dreams are involved in self regulation and self-reflection, or that dreams have no funtion and are just a byproduct of brain activity |
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what are the 4 main proposed functions of dreaming? |
dreaming facilitates emotional adaptation, creativity occurs during dreaming, play can occur during dreaming, and there are cognitive benefits of dreaming |
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how does dreaming facilitate emotional adaptation? |
emotional dream content may help coping with trauma, according to Cartwright, dreams appear to modulate mood when negative mood is moderate |
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what are continuous and complimentary dreams |
in continuous dreams, themes, concepts, and events of waking life are revisited. complementary dreams contain things that compensate or are supplementary to waking life to bring overall balance |
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what is some evidence that dreaming is for creativity |
there are less constrained associations between memories and cognitive processes, Stickgold experiment of primes |
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what are the effects of accumulated sleep drift |
more likely to be angry, stressed, irritated, and fatigued, less functioning in the pre-frontal cortex, lapses in attention due to micro sleeps |
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when does jet lag occur |
when there is a disparity between the internal circadian clock time and the environmental time |
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what are some ways to fix jet lag |
sleeping drugs (fix sleep but not wakefulness), melatonin if travelling east, famine and feast going back 3-5 days, time adjustment going back and hr a day |
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how can shift work effect sleep? |
there is a poor quantity and quality of sleep resulting in symptoms of insomnia, excessive sleepiness, and night shift paralysis |
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why are there sleep difficulties associated with age |
natural change is circadian rhythm (more difficult to get to and stay asleep), slep obtained is shorter, more shallow, and more fragmented |
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what causes snoring |
when there is less room for air to travel through upper airways and air has to move faster |
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what are parasomnias |
undesirable experiential or behavioural occurrences during sleep that occur because waking, NREMS, and REMS, are not unitary states |
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what are some NREMS parasomnias and why do they occur |
confusional arousal when you wake suddenly with no memory of it later, sleepwalking when the brain doesn't fully awaken from during sleep during NREMS, sleep terrors in children when they wake in N3 and scream with no memory later, sleep related eating disorders, sleep sex, and sleep starts. |
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what are some REMS parasomnias |
isolated sleep paralysis lasting about a minute, hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations when waking or falling asleep, nightmare disorder, nightmares, and bad dreams, and PTSD nightmares |
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what are some parasomnias that can occur at any point during sleep |
teeth grinding (sleep bruxism) during N2 and REMS, Bed wetting (enursis) early in night, rhythmic movement disorder in children, and sleep talking mainly in children |
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what is obstructive sleep apnea |
when the chest is making breathing movements but no air is entering or leaving the body between bouts of snoring. It is caused by upper air passages collapsing shut in sleep |
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what is sleep hypopnea |
when air passages are partially blocked and some air is moving |
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what is central sleep apnea |
when the brain doesnt send signals to breathe |
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what is narcolepsy |
excessive, perceptual sleepiness and sleep attacks that occur without warning |
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what is cataplexy |
weakness ranging from one area to the whole body that is triggered by emotions. The person is conscious during brief attacks but may enter REM if its longer than 2 mins |
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what are the two types of idiopathic hypersomnia (excessive sleepiness) |
1. when nocturnal sleep time and nap time are not unusually long 2. when they are long and followed by lengthily sleep inertia |
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what is long sleep syndrome |
when you need 10 or more hrs per night or you get the effects of partial sleep deprivation |
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what is recurrent hypersomnia |
when you experience weeks of excessive daytime sleepiness (often occurs around 10 times a year) |
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what is restless leg syndrome |
unpleasant sensations from deep within the legs when stationary which may be temporarily relieved by movement |
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what is periodic limb movement disorder |
when you go through spurts of jerking arms or legs during sleep for 1 to 10 seconds at intervals of 5 to 90 seconds |
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what is circadian rhythm sleep disorder |
when there is a misalignment between the desired sleep schedule and the sleep-wake rhythm |
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What is REM behaviour disorder |
a parasomnia characterized by occasional unusual dreams and nightmares filled with violence 2-4 times a week |
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when is insomnia considered chronic? |
when symptoms of poor sleep with waking consequences persist for more than 3 months |
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what is the PPP model of insomnia |
Predisposing factors such as fam, age and gender, Precipitating factors such as noise, stress or illness, and self-perpetuating such as unconscious learned negative associations |
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What is the goal of CBTJ |
The goal of cognitive behavioural treatment for insomnia is alleviation of perceive or actual nightime sleep problems and relief of daytime consequences |
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What are some western theories about dreaming |
random firing, survival skill rehearsal, memory consolidation, defragging the brain, enhancement to experience, creativity/innovation, and everyday problem solving |
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what are some eastern theories about dreaming |
a view of another reality, a portal to the gods and spirits, a portal to the afterlife, a mechanism to receive advice form the dead, a portal into the future, part of physiological health |
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What are the steps to Method A- Hatti Rosenthall's |
1. define a pattern or theme, identify a focal point, definitions and associations, re-writing the dream, arriving at the dream message, application of the dream message |
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What is random firing |
the result of stimulation over the past 5-7 days that leads to dreams that don't mean anything. It accounts for about 70% of dreams |
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What is survival skill rehearsal? |
a dream theory based on evolutionary theory |
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what is memory consolidation |
the most popular dream theory today that says sleep moves short term memory items to long term memory in about a week (dream lag) |
