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207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Energy is conserved during ____
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sleep
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Which animals have a higher normal BMR
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small
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Sleep helps animals avoid _____
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predators
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Animals sleep during the part of the day when they are most _____
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vulnerable
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in animals sleep saves energy by use of ____
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mini-hibernation
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sleep, especially dreaming improves processes that consolidate
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learned material
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types of rhythms
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behavioral
physiological biochemical |
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animals active during the light
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diurnal
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animals active during the night
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nocturnal
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Circadian rhythms are how long
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24 hours
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Circadian rhythms are generated by an ___
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endogenous (internal) clock
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Sleep is ____ to external events, including light and dark
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synchronized
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Stimuli like lights, alarm clocks and the moon ___ us to be awake or asleep ?
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entrain
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Entrainment pathways
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- Specialized ganglion cells (containing melanopsin)
-Retinohypothalamic Tract |
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In humans light info goes from the eye to the SCN via the ____
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retinohypothalamic pathway
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SCN lesions ____ circadian rhythms ?
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disrupt
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SCN lesions do not abolish ___ or _____ rhythms
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infradian/ultradian
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Mice with Clock-Clock mutations lose ___ but not lesser or greater than 24 hours ?
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free-running circadian rhythms
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SCN regulates the pineal glands secretion of _____
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melatonin
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A hormone that induces sleepiness
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melatonin
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Light resets the circadian clock by suppressing ____ secretion
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melatonin
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Human average free-run cycle ?
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24 hrs 11 min
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Time of the day when melatonin secretion starts
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9 pm
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Time of the day when bowel movements are suppressed
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2230
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Time of the day when we are in our deepest sleep
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0200
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Time of the day when melatonin secretion stops
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0730
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Time of the day when bowel movements are most likely
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0830
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Time of the day when we have our highest state of alertness
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1000
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Stage 1 Diurnal Cycle
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morning daylight
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Stage 2 Diurnal Cycle
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daytime
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Stage 3 Diurnal Cycle
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evening
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Stage 4 Diurnal Cycle
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nighttime and sleep onset
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Stage 5 Diurnal Cycle
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twilight and awakening
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During stage 1 of the Diurnal Cycle ____ signals the body clock to begin its active cycle ?
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increasing light
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During stage 1 of the Diurnal Cycle the body responds to light by producing ____
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serotonin
cortisol adrenaline |
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Serotonin causes us to ____
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wake up
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____ causes us to fully wake up
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cortisol
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During stage 1 of the Diurnal Cycle, as morning wears on our body clock causes ___ to drop, but increases ___ & ____
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cortisol
adrenaline and serotonin |
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By mid afternoon our bodies metabolism ____
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peaks
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Stage of the Diurnal Cycle when it is best to exercise because the body is now most efficient at converting fat to energy ?
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2
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__ meals are best eaten at midday
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high fat
high calorie |
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During stage 3 of the Diurnal Cycle, as daylight fades, the body clock cuts back on __ and we begin to wind down ?
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energetic hormones
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As daylight drops the pineal gland converts ____ into ____
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serotonin into melatonin
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Dim light melatonin onset occurs during which stage of the Diurnal Cycle
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3
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Dim Light Melatonin Onset causes us to become
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lethargic
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As melatonin and other sleep hormones increase our ___ drops
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body temp
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During stage 4 of the Diurnal Cycle, approximately 2 hours after DLMO, _____ floods the blood stream ?
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melatonin
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Easiest time to fall asleep ___
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2 hours after DLMO
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3 hours after DLMO ___ slows down
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melatonin release
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During stage 5 of the Diurnal Cycle, melatonin is released until the body perceives an ____ ?
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increase in light
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As darkness fades, the body stops producing ______ ?
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melatonin
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The body stops producing melatonin an ___ before awakening
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1 hour
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An hour before awakening body temp is at its
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minimum
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After awakening the active cycle starts again with the release of ____
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cortisol
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2 types of sleep
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slow-wave
rapid-eye movement |
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Slow wave sleep is charachterized by ___ EEG activity
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slow wave EEG activity
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REM
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rapid eye movement sleep
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REM EEG shows what type of waves
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Beta (fast) waves and rapid eye movements
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During REM ___ & ____ speed up ?
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breathing and HR
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During REM sleep ___ relax?
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muscles
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A person who is Drowsy, relaxed has what type of EEG waves
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Alpha
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Stage 1 sleep has what waves
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Theta
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Stage 3 and 4 sleep is ____ sleep ?
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slow wave
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Young adult sleep cycles last ____
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90-110 min
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Sleep cycles early in the night have more ____ SWS
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stage 3 & 4
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SWS
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slow wave sleep
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Sleep cycles later in the night have more
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REM sleep
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We dream in ____ & ___ states
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REM and non-REM
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Vivid dream occur in ___ sleep ?
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REM
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Vivid dream are characterized by ?
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visual imagery
sense that the dreamer is there |
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non-REM dreams are more likely to consist of brief fragments that are ____ & ___ than REM ?
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less emotional
less visual |
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____ are frightening dreams that awaken the sleeper from REM sleep
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nightmares
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___ are sudden arousals from stage 3 & 4 SWS, marked by fear and autonomic activity ?
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night terrors
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Marine mammals do not ?
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REM Sleep
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___ don't REM sleep because relaxed muscles are incapable with the need to come to surface and breathe
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marine mammals
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In dolphins and birds only one brain hemisphere enters ____ at a time, the others remain awake ?
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SWS
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As we age ___ declines, and ___ increases
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total time asleep
number of awakenings |
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Infant sleep has shorter ____ and more ____
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sleep cycles
REM sleep |
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non-REM sleep is a period of ___ memory
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recall (replay)
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REM sleep is a period of ___ of memory
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consolidation
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A 60-90 min nap containing both REM and non-REM sleep improves ____
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learning
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REM sleep increases after ___
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learning
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REM deprivation after learning reduces
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retention
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After ___ memories become independent of the hippocampus
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4-7 days
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Memories becoming independent of the hippocampus after 4-7 days is known as
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memory erasure
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When the brain purges unwanted memories during REM sleep
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memory erasure
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What brain region turns the brain on
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ARAS in the Brain Stem
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ARAS
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ascending reticular activating system
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What turns the brain/brain-stem off?
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VLPO nucleus of the hypothalamus
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REM is an ___ brain state
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active
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___ activates the Cortex
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brainstem system
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___ triggers REM sleep, paralyzes the body ?
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pontine system
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The effects of sleep deprivation can be ___ or ____
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partial or total
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3 effects of sleep deprivation
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Irritability
Concentration Problems Disorientation |
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The effects of sleep deprivation vary with
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age
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People with Frequent sleep attacks with insomnia
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narcolepsy
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Narcolepsy sufferers do not go through long ___ before REM sleep
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SWS
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Narcolepsy sufferers may show ____ ?
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cataplexy
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Sudden loss of muscle tones and collapse
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cataplexy
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___ cells in the brain stem fire during cataplexy
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dorsal Raphae
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narcoleptic dogs have a mutant gene for the ___ receptor
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OREXIN
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Orexin is released just as you ____
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wake up
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Orexin (ORX) does what to the sleep-wake "see-saw"
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stabilizes
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In narcoleptic people there is an autoimmune attack on ____
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orexin receptors
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Brief inability to move just before falling asleep, or just after waking
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sleep paralysis
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During sleep paralysis the ____ triggers muscle relaxation
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pontine center
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Somnambulism aka
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(sleepwalking)
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Somnambulism (sleepwalking) may persist into
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adulthood
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Sleep apnea is _____
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common
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During sleep Apnea ____ stops
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breathing
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During sleep Apnea when breathing stops ____ drops rapidly
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blood oxygen
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During sleep Apnea ____ relax too much
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chest and diaphragm muscles
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Sleep apnea is accompanied by
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snoring and gasping
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Each episode of apnea arouses the person to breathe, but results in
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daytime sleepiness
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_____ is used to diagnose sleep apnea
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overnight polysomnogram (PSG)
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CPAP
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continuous positive airway pressure
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CPAP prevents ___ of the airways
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collapse
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Untreated sleep apnea can lead to
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fatal heart failure
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(SIDS)
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Sudden infant death syndrome
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Putting babies to sleep on their ______ can prevent suffocation due to apnea
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backs
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(RBD)
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REM sleep behavior disorder
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Paralysis that normally occurs during REM sleep is incomplete or absent
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RBD
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RBD allows the person to
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act out his or hers dream
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IN RBD Dream-enacting includes
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talking, yelling, punching, kicking, jumping from bed, arm flailing, and grabbing
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_____ % of RBD patients injure themselves and ____% assault their spouse
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32
64 |
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In RBD Dream involves defense of the sleeper against attack in ___% of people
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87
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continued use of sleeping pills makes them
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ineffective
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continued use of sleep pills causes receptor
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downregulation
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Continued use of sleeping pills changes sleep patterns that persist even when
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not taking the drug
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Continued use of sleeping pills can lead to ____ & _____
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drowsiness and memory gaps
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Good sleep practices
Creating a fixed ___ and ____ |
bedtime and an awakening time.
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Good sleep practices
avoid ____ during the day. |
naps
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Good sleep practices
Avoid ____ & _____ 4-6 hours before bedtime |
alcohol and caffeine
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The body "gets used" to falling asleep at a certain time, but only if this is
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relatively fixed.
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Regular exercise, particularly in the afternoon does what to sleep
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deepens sleep.
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Warm milk and foods high in the amino acid tryptophan, such as _____ may help sleep.
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bananas,
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Georges Symptoms
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sleeping hours became later
extremely difficult to wake up dozed off during morning classes |
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George graduated from HS but his achievements were
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lower than his potential
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Over the years george tried which medications
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sleeping pills
anti anxiety medicine psychotherapy |
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Did medications help george
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no
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20 year old student, Jonathan Daley of John Moores University, Liverpool, set world record by staying awake for how long
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502 hours 21 days
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diagnosed with delayed sleep phase syndrome
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george
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Treatment that worked for george
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melatonin shifted his sleep cycle back to normal
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one of the most obvious rhythms
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sleep
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in total, we spend about a ___ of our life sleeping
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1/3
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blind people tend to have ___ sleep disorders
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more
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blind people cannot see the light so their sleep is not as ________
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synchronized
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photosensitive pigment (light sensitive)
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melanin
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melanopsin is the precursor to ___ and ____
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iodopsin and rhodopsin
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melanopsin is found in ____
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ganglion cells
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pathway from retina to the hypothalamus
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retinohypothalamic pathway
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The SCN is located above the ____ in the ____
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optic chiasm
hypothalamus |
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two proteins, ___ and ___ bind together to form a dimer
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Clock; Cycle
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The dimer of Clock/Cycle binds to ___, enhancing the transcription of the genes for ___ and ____
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DNA
Period (per) & Cryptochrome (cry) |
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Per and Cry bind with each other and another protein called ____
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Tau
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Per/cry/tau complex inhibits the activity of the ______ dimer
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clock/cycle
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Per/cry/tau complex inhibits slowing transcription of the ___ & ___ genes
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per and cry
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Per/cry/tau complex inhibits slowing ______ of the per and cry proteins
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production
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per/cry/tau complex is not very stable it only stays together for how long
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24 hours
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when the per and cry proteins eventually break down,
they release clock/cycle from inhibition, allowing the |
cycle to start over again
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retinal ganglion cells detect light with
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melanopsin
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axons in the retinohypothalamic tract of retinal ganglion cells release _____ onto neurons in the SCN
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glutamate
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glutamate stimulation leads to increased transcription of the ____ gene
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Per
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glutamate stimulation leads to synchronizing the molecular clock to the
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day-night cycle
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_____ is the neurotransmitter used by the the retinohypothalamic pathway
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glutamate
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____ rhythms last shorter than 24 hours
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ultradian
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ex- eating, breathing, blinking
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ultradian rhytms
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_____ rhythms last longer than 24 hours
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infradian
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EX of an Infradian Rhythm
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menstrual cycle
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with age, the SCN deteriorates and sleep becomes
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fragmented
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over the course of time your sleep cycle
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shifts
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babies don't respond to the ____ and do not know the "time"-
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SCN
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the SCN starts to kick in at _____ of age and by ______ most babies sleep through the night
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7-8 weeks
4 months |
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why do teens hate to get out of bed and seem to need more sleep?
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their brains are programmed that way
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at what time does melatonin peak?
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midnight
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if an animal did not have a SCN, it would
_____ |
sleep off schedule
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not getting the normal amount of sleep
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sleeping off schedule
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as the night goes on, dreams get
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longer
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you usually do not remember dreams in this type of sleep
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non-REM
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you have no memories of these outbursts
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night terrors
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the most dramatic decline in sleep as we age is
the loss of time in |
deep sleep
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non-REM sleep is a period of ____ or _____
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recall or replay
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forgetting something is an ___ process
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active
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Ascending=
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Awake
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dysfunction of the ARAS results in
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coma
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adenosine stimulates the ______ (making you sleepy)
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VLPO
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the VLPO is blocked by _____ (causing you to stay awake)
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caffeine
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stimulating the VLPO causes
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sleep
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what controls the thalamus?
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brainstem activity
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_____ and _____ networks activate the thalamus directly and indirectly
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cholinergic and noradrenergic
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when we go to sleep, firing of the activating system in the brainstem _____
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decreases
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when we go to sleep, firing of the activating system in the brainstem decreases, so the thalamus is less
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activated
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as the thalamus becomes less sensitive to the environment, we can ____
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sleep
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during dreams, the spinal cord is _____ so that you do not act out the dream
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paralyzed
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laughter triggers cataplexy- awake but paralyzed
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zach
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how long does sleep paralysis last
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2 seconds average
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pontine center triggers muscle relaxation so you are conscious but _____
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paralyzed
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enuresis
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bed wetting
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each episode of apnea arouses the person to _____ but results in daytime sleepiness
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breathe
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CPAP treatment leads to ___ % survival rate
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100%
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treatment of sleep apnea for children includes removal of ___ and ____ to make more room for the airway
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tonsils and adenoids
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causes of sleep apnea include
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-obesity
-floppy airway (congenital) -alcohol use |
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sudden jerking movements during sleep- seen in infants usually
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sleep myoclonus
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sleep myoclonus is ____
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normal
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sleep apnea from immature respiratory pacemaker systems or arousal mechanisms
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SIDS
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many patients with ____ injure themselves or others during sleep
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RBD
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Kenneth Parks murdered his family in sleep, he had ___ and was _____
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RBD
sleep deprived |
