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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many years of their lives do most people sleep for? |
25 |
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What is the adaptive theory of sleep? |
Sleep as self preservation to keep away from predators who are more active at night (worthman, 2011) |
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What happened in Weiskrantz study |
People were unaware they could see. So they would walk through a room of obstacles and avoid them all but deny seeing anything at all |
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Who is involved in split brain research |
Sperry and Gazzaniga |
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Problem wirh adaptive theory of sleep? |
Why we sleep at night not why we sleep in general. Also other issues e.g. is sleeping actually safer? |
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What did Garcia, Garcia et al (2011) think we slept for? |
Growth because pituitay gland releases growth hormones when we sleep as we age less growth hormones, less sleep |
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What areas of brain have changed neuron activity during sleep |
Pons Reticular formation region Forebrain region These are important for alertness and arousal |
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What is restorative theory of sleep |
Sleep in order to allow brain and body to restore depleted chemical resources and get rid of waste ones that have happened in the day (irwin 2001) |
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What is a humans basic rythms? |
Circadian rhythms- the pattern of sleep/wake cycles that in humans tends to respond to daylight and night |
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Describe temperature changes in circadian sleep rhythm |
Johnson et all (2004) as morning nears out body temp rises and then dips in the afternoon. We tend to feel tired ( a lot if countries nap) then body temp rises until we are about to have our nights sleep when it drops again. |
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What else changes in this 24 hour period? Other than body temp |
Blood pressure, secretion of hormones and sensitivity to pain |
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What can disrupt our biological clock - circadian rhythm |
Cartwright 2010 e.g. lomg flights we are aware when we should be sleeping and therefore get jet lag. Also people who don't have regular day/night shift work may get sleep disorders, depression and other health issues. |
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What is circadian rhythm sleep disorder? |
People experience excessive sleepiness or insomnia as they have a mix march between their own sleep-wake cycle and the sleep wake cycle of most people in their environment (ivanenko & Johnson 2010) |
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What controls the biological rhythms? |
Suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN) |
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What does the SCN do when it senses it's becoming nightime |
Get the pineal gland to secrete hormone melatonin |
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Why might we sleep less? Lightbulb |
The invention of lightbulb and also phones etc means we are exposed to more light. The photoreceptors in our retinas send info to the SCN about how light it is |
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What happens when we are deprived of shifts in sunlight and darkness? |
Our bodies extend the "day" to be about 25 hours (lavie,2001) |
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How did Lavie, 2001 and fedotchev 2011 find out about the sleep stages? |
They used an EEG to see different brain wave patterns |
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What waves do we feel in what order when going to bed |
Alpha waves- still awake but relaxing Theta waves -slower than Alpha when we first fall asleep Spindles -bursts of brain activity
Delta waves- deep wave sleep our heart rate, blood pressure and breathing drop.
REM- dreaming
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What happens in hypnagogoic state |
As we settled into presleep we can get hypnagogic hallucinations e.g. feeling we are falling/floating or hearing our name called |
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What happens during REM |
We dream. Our muscles are paralysed but internally lots of activity. Increased heart rate and breathing and rapid eye movement every 30 seconds (thakker and datta 2010) |
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What did Smith 2006 find? |
That REM extends after you've learnt something which backs up legaults idea that we sleep to consolidate memoried |
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What did karni et al 1994 find? |
Half of the sleepers awoken during REM. The others awoken during non REM. When tested on a conceptual tast they had learnt before sleep REM awoken people performed worse |
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Freudian dream theory |
Dreams are the expression of unconscious wishes and desires. Suggest dream interpretation may help clients understand their needs. Manifest content- dream images people are able to recall latent content- what the content means |
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Information processing theory |
The hypothesis that dreams are the minds attempt to organise and sort out the days experiences and consolidate them in memory. |
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Activation synthesis hypothesis |
Theory that dreams result from the brains attempts to synthesize and organise random internally generated signals and give them meaning. (Hobson 2009) The neurons in the brainstem are activated. This activates the ones in the cerebral cortex and so the emotional parts of the brain are aroused e.g. cingulate cortex amygdala and hippocampus. EEG show these are active |
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Three types of dream related phenomena |
Nightmares- can have nightmare disorder Lucid dreams - people recognise they are dreaming (blagrove 2010) Daydreaming- not fullyconcious but are awake. Can be good for creativity can lose track of time (Delaney et al 2010) |
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Sleep deprivation |
Can cause people to be less productive and make more mistakes (guzzlemann at al 2011) 80% of students at Stamford found to be dangerously sleep deprived (dement and Vaughan 1999) adolescents seem to have more sleep deprivation. It can lower your immune system (Bollinger et al 2010) |
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Insomnia |
Most common sleep disorder. Cannot fall asleep or remain asleep (bastien 2011) According to mental health Foundation (2011) most common reported mental health complaint Stress etc can cause |
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Sleep apnea |
Repeatedly stop breathing causing lack of oxygen to brain Punjabi (2008) - more common in overweight people |
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Narcolepsy |
Sudden and irresistible urge to fall asleep. Suddenlyfall into REM sleep during an argument or exciting football game (goswami et al 2010) |
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Hyperinsomnia |
Never feel fully refreshed and takes several hours after waking to feel fully awake |
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Sleep walking and night terrors |
During deep wave sleep. More common in children |
