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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the two types of bone.
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1. Compact bone: arranged in osteons.
2. Cancellous bone: arranged in trabeculae |
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List three (3) pathologic causes of bone weakness.
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1. Osteogenesis imperfecta
2. Osteoporosis 3. Paget's disease |
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List three (3) features of Marfan syndrome.
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1. Very long limbs
2. Chest deformities 3. Vertebral deformities |
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Describe the pathology found in Paget's Disease.
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- Excessive activity of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts (at different times).
- Mixed bone growth and resorption |
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Outline the three (3) general causes of fractures.
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1. Typical fracture (excessive force)
2. Pathologic fracture 3. Stress fracture (repetitive force) |
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List eight (8) geometric types of fracture (e.g. comminuted).
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1. Comminuted
2. Linear 3. Spiral 4. Avulsive 5. Greenstick 6. Impacted 7. Oblique 8. Salter-Harris (Epiphyseal) |
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1) A fracture straight across the growth plate is known as what?
2) A compression fracture of the growth plate is known as what? |
1. Salter-Harris type I fracture.
2. Salter-Harris type V fracture. |
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What is the effective difference between a 'sprain' and a 'strain'?
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Sprain : ligament tear
Strain : tendon injury (T for Tendon) |
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Outline the five (5) steps of bone healing by callus.
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Bone healing by callus:
1. Haematoma 2. Inflammation 3. Callus formation 4. Consolidation 5. Remodelling |
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In fracture healing, what is the difference between callus formation and consolidation?
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Callus formation: laying-down of woven bone.
Consolidation: conversion of woven bone to lamellar bone (stronger) |
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Tenderness at the anatomical snuffbox may indicate what pathology?
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Scaphoid fracture.
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List eight (8) potential regional and systemic complications of bone fracture.
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Complications of bone fracture.
1. Shock (haemorrhage) 2. Crush syndrome (myoglobin release) 3. DVT & PE 4. Fat embolism (> brain infarction) 5. Regional pain syndrome 6. Compartment syndrome 7. Volkmann's contracture (hands) 8. Infection |
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List four (4) complications local to the fracture site.
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1. Malunion
2. Avascular necrosis 3. Joint instability 4. Muscle ossification (myositis ossificans) |
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What type of cells are found in an osteosarcoma?
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Malignant mesenchymal cells producing bone matrix.
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What are the risk factors for developing osteosarcoma?
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- Paget's disease
- Bone infarction - Irradiation |
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Where are osteosarcomas most likely to arise?
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Metaphyseal region of the long bones. A majority (60%) occur around the knee.
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What is the genetic basis for osteosarcoma?
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Retinoblastoma gene magnifies the risk of osteosarcoma 1000 times.
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What radiological features are seen on imaging of an osteosarcoma?
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- Sunray spicules
- Codman's triangle |
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Other than osteosarcoma, list four tumours of bone and cartilage.
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1. Osteochondroma
2. Chondroma 3. Chondroblastoma 4. Chondrosarcoma |
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Chondrosarcomas commonly occur in which bones?
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- Axial skeleton
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Briefly describe Ewing's sarcoma.
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Ewings sarcoma:
- Malignant small round cell tumour - Age group 10-15 yo. - Highly aggressive - Genetic defect |
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What investigations would you order for a bony lump?
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- X-ray
- CT scan - MRI - Radioisotope Bone Scan - Ultrasound |
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What treatments are available for bone tumours?
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- Surgical resection (may be limb sparing or not)
- Chemotherapy - Radiotherapy |
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Other than osteosarcoma, list four tumours of bone and cartilage.
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1. Osteochondroma
2. Chondroma 3. Chondroblastoma 4. Chondrosarcoma |
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Chondrosarcomas commonly occur in which bones?
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- Axial skeleton
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Briefly describe Ewing's sarcoma.
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Ewings sarcoma:
- Malignant small round cell tumour - Age group 10-15 yo. - Highly aggressive - Genetic defect |
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What investigations would you order for a bony lump?
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- X-ray
- CT scan - MRI - Radioisotope Bone Scan - Ultrasound |
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What treatments are available for bone tumours?
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- Surgical resection (may be limb sparing or not)
- Chemotherapy - Radiotherapy |
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Other than osteosarcoma, list four tumours of bone and cartilage.
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1. Osteochondroma
2. Chondroma 3. Chondroblastoma 4. Chondrosarcoma |
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Chondrosarcomas commonly occur in which bones?
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- Axial skeleton
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Briefly describe Ewing's sarcoma.
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Ewings sarcoma:
- Malignant small round cell tumour - Age group 10-15 yo. - Highly aggressive - Genetic defect |
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What investigations would you order for a bony lump?
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- X-ray
- CT scan - MRI - Radioisotope Bone Scan - Ultrasound |
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What treatments are available for bone tumours?
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- Surgical resection (may be limb sparing or not)
- Chemotherapy - Radiotherapy |
