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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the types of bones?
(6) |
long - compact
short - spongy except surface flat - plates of compact enclosing spongy irregular - variable sesamoid - develop in tendons or ligaments (patella) sutural bones - in joints between skull bones |
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Markings fall into one of two catagories…
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Depressions and openings - participate in joints or allow the passage of soft tissue.
Processes - projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue. |
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Foramen
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opening
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Fossa
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shallow depression
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Sulcus
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groove
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Meatus
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tubelike passageway or canal
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Condyle
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large, round protuberance
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Facet
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smooth flat articular surface
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Trochanter
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very large projection
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Tuberosity
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large, rounded, roughened projection
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How many bones are in the Axial Skeleton
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80 bones
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What does the Axial Skeleton include? (7 parts)
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lie along longitudinal axis
Includes skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ear ossicles |
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How many bones are in the Skull?
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22 total
8 cranial and 14 facial bones |
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What does the Skull include?
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Forms the cranial cavity, the nasal cavity and orbits (eye sockets). Some skull bones contain mucous membrane-lined cavities called paranasal sinuses. The only moveable bone of the skull, other than the ear ossicles within the temporal bones, is the mandible. Immovable joints called sutures hold the skull bones together.
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Cranial Bone Functions
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Protect the brain inner surfaces attach to meninges (membranes) that stabilize the positions of the brain, blood vessels, and nerves.Outer surfaces of cranial bones provide large areas of attachment for muscles that move the various parts of the head.Facial bones form the framework of the face and protect and provide support for the nerves and blood vessels in that area. Cranial and facial bones together protect and support the special sense organs.
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What does a “black eye” results from?
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accumulation of fluid and blood in the upper eyelid following a blow to the supraorbital margin (brow line)
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Temporal Bone
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Forms sides of cranial cavity
external auditory meatus, zygomatic process, Jugular foramen, Carotid canal, mastoid process, styloid process, mandibular fossa |
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External Auditory Meatus
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passageway for ear canal
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Zygomatic Process
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joins with zygomatic bone
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Jugular Foramen
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opening for jugular vein from brain, nerves
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Carotid canal
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opening for carotid artery to brain (located in the temporal bone)
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Mastoid Process
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projection for muscle attachment (located in the temporal bone)
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Styloid Process
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– projection for muscle attachment (located in the temporal bone)
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Mandibular Fossa
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(TMJ) – where mandible joins cranium (located in the temporal bone)
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What are the types of bones?
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long - compact
short - spongy except surface flat - plates of compact enclosing spongy irregular - variable sesamoid - develop in tendons or ligaments (patella) sutural bones - in joints between skull bones |
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Markings fall into one of two catagories…
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Depressions and openings - participate in joints or allow the passage of soft tissue.
Processes - projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue. |
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Foramen
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opening
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Fossa
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shallow depression
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Sulcus
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groove
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Meatus
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tubelike passageway or canal
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Condyle
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large, round protuberance
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Facet
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smooth flat articular surface
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Trochanter
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very large projection
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Tuberosity
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large, rounded, roughened projection
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Parietal Bone
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forms sides & roof of cranial cavity
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Occipital Bone
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forms back & “bottom” of skull
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Temporal Bone
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carotid foramen (carotid artery)
jugular foramen (jugular vein) |
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Occipital Bone
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foramen magnum (opening for spinal cord) occipital condyles
(articulate with atlas) |
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Sphenoid Bone
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Mostly inside skull
Is “keystone” bone – wedges other bones together |
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Ethmoid Bone consists of?
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ethmoid sinuses, perpendicular plate,
superior & middle nasal concha, cribiform plates |
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Ethmoid Sinuses –
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air-filled cavities (Ethmoid Bone)
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Perpendicular Plate
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is upper part of nasal septum (Ethmoid Bone)
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Superior & Middle Nasal Concha
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also called turbinates. They spin air so that it is filtered & warmed along nasal passages.
(Ethmoid Bone) |
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Cribiform Plates
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openings for olfactory nerves. (Ethmoid Bone)
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What are the 8 cranial bones?
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Occipital, Temporal (2), Parietal (2), Sphenoid, Ethmod, Frontal
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What are the 14 facial bones?
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Nasal (2), Maxillae (2), Zygomatic (2), Mandible (1), Lacrimal (2), Palatine (2), Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Vomer (1)
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Maxillary Bones
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form upper jaw, part of eye orbit, alveoli,
palatine process, maxillary sinus |
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Alveoli
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sockets that hold upper teeth (Maxilla Bone)
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Palatine Process
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anterior part of hard palate (roof of the mouth) (Maxilla bone)
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Zygomatic Bones
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cheekbones and form part of the orbit
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Lacrimal Bone
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part of the medial wall of the orbit, contains tear ducts
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Inferior Nasal Conchae
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project from lateral wall of nasal cavity
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Mandible
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Lower jaw, (only freely moving bone in skull), Mandibular condyle – joins mandible to temporal bone at temporomandibular joint
Alveoli, Body (forms chin) |
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Mandibular condyle
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joins mandible to temporal bone at temporomandibular joint.
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Palatine
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forms posterior part of hard palate.
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Vomer
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forms lower part of nasal septum.
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Nasal Septum
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Divides nasal cavity into left and right sides. Formed by vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, and septal cartilage.
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Sutures
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Immovable joints (synarthroses) found only between skull bones - hold skull bones together.
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Name the sutures.
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Coronal, Sagittal, Lamboidal, Squamous
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What bones does the Coronal Suture join?
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joins parietal and frontal bones
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What bones does the Sagittal Suture join?
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between parietal bones
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What bones does the Lamboidal Suture join?
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joins parietal and occipital bones
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What bones does the Squamous Suture join?
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joins parietal and temporal bones
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Paranasal Sinuses
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paired cavities in in skull bones that communicate with the nasal cavity. Lined by mucous membranes. Lighten the skull and serve as resonating chambers for speech.
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What are the cranial bones containing the sinuses?
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frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillae
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What are fontanels?
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membranes between the cranial bones of fetuses and infants which are filled with dense connective tissue and
close early in a child’s life by ossifcation. |
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What are the major fontanels?
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anterior, posterior, anterolateral, and posterolateral
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What are the functions of fontanels?
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enable the fetal skull to modify its size and shape as it passes through the birth canal.
permit rapid growth of the brain during infancy. |
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Hyoid Bone
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Single U-shaped bone
articulates with no other bone of the body suspended by ligament and muscle from skull. Supports the tongue & provides attachment for tongue, neck and pharyngeal muscles. |
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How many bones does the Vertebral Column consist of?
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26
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How many regions are there n he Vertebral Column?
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5
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What are the 5 regions in the Vertebral Column?
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cervial, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
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How many vertebrae are in the cervical region?
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(7) in the neck
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How many vertebrae are in the thoracic region?
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(12) in the thorax
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How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region?
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(5) in the low back region
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How many vertebrae are in the sacrum region?
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(5) fused
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How many vertebrae are in the coccyx region?
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(4) fused
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Where aer Intervertebral Discs located?
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located between vertebrae.
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What functions do Intervertebral Discs consist of?
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“shock absorbers”
permit movement of the vertebral column |
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What does Intervertebral Discs consist of?
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consist of a fibrocartilagenous ring with a pulpy center (nucleus pulposus)
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Herniated (Slipped) Disc
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nucleus pulposus protrudes and presses on spinal nerves (causes pain). Most common iin lumbar region. Disc may be removed surgically, vertebrae are fused.
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Typical Vertebrae
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Body bears the weight.
Vertebral arch containing pedicles and laminae. Vertebral foramen for passageway of spinal cord. |
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Seven processes of typical vertebrae.
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2 transverse
1 spinous 4 articular Vertebral notches |
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Intervertebral Foramen & Spinal Canal
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all the vertebral foramen lined up together to form spinal - canal (passageway for spinal cord)
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How many cervical vertebrae are there?
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7
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What is the name of C-1
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Atlas
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What is the name of C-2
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Axis
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What is the function of the 3rd - 6th Cervical Vertebrae?
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have transverse processes that contain foramen for blood vessels
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What is the 7th Cervical Vertebrae called?
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vertebra prominens
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Describe the atlas.
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Ring of bone with superior facets for occipital condyles of skull. Supports the head and allows you to nod your head “yes”.
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Describe the axis.
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dens or odontoid process sticks up from body of atlas, which is a pivot point for skull and allows you to shake your head “no”.
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What is the odontoid process?
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projection that joins the axis to the atlas.
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Where is the Vertebra Prominens and what is its function?
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It is the 7th and final cervical vertebrae. It is the transistional vertebrae from cervical to thoracic.
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Typical Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7)
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Small body with large spinal canal. Transverse processes are short with transverse foramen for vertebral arteries
Spinous processes of C2 to C6 are usually bifid (forked) |
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Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
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(12) Large, strong bodies.
Longer transverse & spinous processes. Articulate with ribs Facets or demifacets on body (fit with head of rib), Facets on transverse processes (T1-T10) for tubercle of rib. |
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Lumbar Vertebrae
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(5) (L1-L5) They are strongest & largest. Short thick spinous & transverse processes for attachment of back muscles
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Sacrum
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(5) (S1 - S5) that fuse into one structure by age 30. Median sacral crest consist of fused spinous processes.
Sacral Ala consist of fused transverse processes |
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Coccyx
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Consists of 4 very small vertebrae (Co1 - Co4) fused by age 30 – “tailbone
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What are the normal curves of the vertebral column in adults?
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cervical and lumbar (anteriorly convex curves) and thoracic and sacral (anteriorly concave curves)
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What is the normal vertebral curve of the vertebral column in a fetus?
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single anteriorly concave curve consisting of thoracic and sacral curves.
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Which vertebral curve develops as a child begins to hold his head up?
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cervical curve
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Which vertebral curve develops as a child begins to walk?
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lumbar
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At what age are all vertebral curves fully developed?
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10
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Thorax
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refers to the entire chest.
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The skeletal part of the thorax consists of what?
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sternum, costal cartilages, ribs and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae
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What is the function of the thoracic cage?
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encloses and protcts te organs in the thoracic and superior abdominal cabities. Provides support for the bones of the shoulder girdle and upper limbs.
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What does the rib cage consist of? (2)
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sternum and ribs
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What does the sternum consist of? (3)
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manubrium, body, xiphoid process
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Manubrium
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anchors 1st and 2nd ribs and contains the clavicular notch
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Body of the Sternum
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costal cartilages and anchors ribs 3-10.
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Xiphoid Process
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ossifies by 40 and s at the bottom of the sternum.
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How many pairs of ribs are there?
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12
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True Ribs
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Pairs 1-7 *anchored directly to the sternum
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False Ribs
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Pairs 8-10 *anchored to the cartilage that anchors the superior ribs to the sternum
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Floating Ribs
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are not anchored on the sternum
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What is the most common type of chest injury?
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Rib fracture.
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Which ribs increase in lenght?
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Pairs 1-7
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Which ribs decrease in length?
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Pairs 8-12
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What does the body of the rib contain?
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costal groove which contains nerve and blood supply.
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What is between the ribs?
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Intercostal spaces containing intercostal muscles.
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What part of the rib articulates with the transverse processes of vertebrae?
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Rib tubercles
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What part of the rib articulates with the vertebral body?
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Head of rib
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Scoliosis
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a lateral bending of the vertebral column.
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Kyphosis
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an exaggerated curve of the thoracic curve.
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Lordosis
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an exaggerated curve of the lumbar curve.
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What is spina bifida
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a congenital defect caused by failure of the vertebral laminae to unite at the midline. May involve one or several vertebrae and nervous tissue may or maynot protrude through the skin. Can result in paralysis.
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