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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Major functions of blood |
Transport: deliver O2 from lungs and nutrients from digestive tract. Transport waste to elimination sites. Regulation: maintain appropriate body temp and adequate fluid volume Protection:prevent blood loss by clotting and infection by antibodies |
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Various tests determine suitable blood donor |
To prevent transfusion reaction Must test blood It must be typed and cross matched Blood must be typed for ABO & Rh groups Cross matching since some antigens not ABO or Rh. Mix RBC from donor & serum from recipient. Mix RBC from recipient and serum from donor. |
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Why erythrocyte superb example of structure/function complementarity |
Small size/biconcave shape provide huge surface area relative to volume. Small size and flexible allow to pass through narrow capillaries. 97% hemoglobin binds and transport respiratory gases. Lack mitochondria & generate ATP anaerobic->does not consume O2 it carries |
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Classify different white blood cells |
Two types granulocytes& agranulocytes GRANULOCYTES : visible granules Neutrophils-active phagocytes active vs bacteria Eosinophils - active vs parasitic worms. Allergies/asthma Basophils - histamine inflammatory chemical vasodilator AGRANULOCYTES no visible granule Lymphocytes - protects vs viruses, produce antibodies. Active vs abnormal cells Monocytes - actively phagocytic upon entering tissues |
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Transfusion Reaction |
When mismatched blood is infused. Agglutination of foreign RBC. Clumped RBC rupture or destroyed. Hemoglobin released into bloodstream which passes in kidney blocking renal tubules causing cell death & renal failure. May need dialysis for life. Complete renal failure may cause death |
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4 chambers of heart. Their role in pulmonary and systemic circulation. |
Two superior atria and two inferior ventricles. Atria receiving chamber and ventricle discharging chambers. Right side pulmonary. Left side systemic. O2 poor systemic blood enters right atrium into right ventricle to pulmonary trunk to lungs. Get oxygenated. O2 rich blood enters left atrium to left ventricle to aorta to provide functional supply to body organs other than lungs. Systemic veins return O2 poor blood to right atrium |
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Structure of AV valves and relate function to structure. How incompetent valves increase workload of heart |
Atrioventricular valves prevent blood backflow into atria when ventricle are contracting. Located at AV junction. Right AV (tricuspid) 3 flexible flaps. Left AV (mitrial) 2 flaps. Chordae tendinae anchor flaps to papillary muscles from ventricular wall. They prevent flaps from everting into atria. Incompetent valves are leaky letting blood backflow into atrium. Force heart to repump blood increases heart workload |
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Cardiac pacemaker cells How are they responsible for heart contraction. |
Pacemaker cells trigger their own action potentials which spread throughout heart. They have unstable resting potential that spontaneously depolarize. Pacemaker cells connected to other cardiac cells by gap junctions. Depolarization spreads allowing contraction of heart as a unit. |
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Role of Frank Starling law in normal cardiac physiology |
Relationship between preload (degree cardiac muscles are stretched before they contract) and stroke volume (volume of blood that leaves ventricle after single contraction). Strength of contraction based on stretch of muscle fibers. If filled with more blood, resulting contraction is stronger. Due to law, extra blood causes stronger contraction preventing backup of blood in heart and keeping blood in circulation. |
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Three groups of arteries. Relate structure to function. |
Elastic (conducting) arteries close to heart. Contain more elastin fibers than any other vessels. Expand during systole and recoil during diastole. Act as pressure reservoir Muscular (distributing) arteries carry blood to specific organs. Less elastic more smooth muscle. More active in vasoconstriction. Arterioles (resistance vessels) smallest arteries regulate blood flow into capillary beds with their changing diameter. When arterioles constrict can bypass tissues being served. |
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Structural adaptation to help venous return |
Veins need help with blood return since low pressure. 1. Large lumen = little resistance to blood flow 2. Venous valves prevent blood from flowing backwards. 3. Muscle pump. Deep veins are compressed by muscles. Squeezing blood towards heart since valves allow only one way flow. 4. Respiratory pump - as we inhale, abdominal pressure increases with veins being squeezed forcing blood towards heart due to one way flow because of valves 5. Venocontriction - reduces volume of blood in veins. Contents of veins empties towards heart. |
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How chemoreceptor reflex helps protect vs adverse effects of accumulation of CO2 during exercise |
Chemoreceptors in aortic arch, and large arteries of neck detect increase of CO2, drop in pH and drop in O2. Chemoreceptors transmit impulse to cardioacceleratory center which increase cardiac output. Also activate vasomotor center causing reflex vasoconstriction increasing peripheral resistance. Remove CO2 from blood by increased blood flow to lungs. Increase blood flow to kidneys removes acids from blood. You increase blood flow by increasing BP & cardiac output. PRxCO=BP High BP increase blood flow to lungs and kidneys & eliminating unwanted chemicals. |
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Indirect renal mechanism in blood pressure regulation |
When BP falls, kidneys release renin, renin acts on angiotensinogen, converting to angiotensin I. ACE converts it to angiotensin II. 1. A strong vasoconstrictor which increases peripheral resistance increasing BP. 2. Angiotensin II causes release of aldosterone stimulates salt and water retention. 3. Stimulates release of ADH promoting water reabsorption. 4. Increase feeling of thirst encouraging water consumption. All act to increase blood volume. |
