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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is Insulin made? |
Beta (β) cells in the pancreas |
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Does insulin increase or reduce blood glucose levels? |
decrease
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How does insulin reduce glucose levels? |
* Simulating glycogen synthesis in the liver to store the sugar * Promoting sugar uptake by the liver and adipose tissue * Increase cell respiration rate and thus rate of glucose breakdown |
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Where is glucagon made? |
Alpha (α) cells in the pancrease |
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Does glucagon increase or decrease blood sugar levels? |
Increase |
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How does glycogen increase glucose level? |
* Stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver * promotes glucose release by the liver and adipose tissue * decreases the rate of respiration, thus rate of glucose breakdown |
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What are the causes for type I diabetes?
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* Body doesn't produce sufficient levels of insulin * The immune system destroys β-cells in the pancreas |
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What are the causes for type II diabetes? |
* Body no longer responds to insulin due to desensitization of insulin receptors |
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Where is thyroxin secreted from? |
Thyroid gland |
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What is the role of thyroxin |
Increases rate of metabolism to increase body heat |
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What part of the brain controls the thyroid gland? |
Hypothalamus |
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What are the consequences of iodine deficiency? |
Decreased production of thyroxin |
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What happens if body temperature gets high? |
The hypothalamus inhibits thyroxin production |
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What is the role of leptin? |
Regulate fat stores within the body by suppressing appetite |
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Where is leptin produced? |
By adipose cells |
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How are apetite levels reduced? |
Leptin produced by adipose tissue binds to receptors in the hypothalamus to inhibit appetite |
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How does overeating affect leptin concentration? |
Overeating causes more adipose tissue to be produced, thus more leptin is made |
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Why is leptin less effective for obese people? |
Because obese people are constantly overeating, leptin levels are high, causing their body to become desensitised to the hormone |
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Why are leptin injections not effective to treat obesiety? |
Because in most patients there is already high levels of leptin, but the body is unresponsive to it |
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What hormone controls the circadian rhythms? |
Melatonin |
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Where is melatonin produced? |
The pineal gland |
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What does the pineal gland produce? |
Melatonin |
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What does the adipose tissue produce? |
Leptin |
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What does beta (β) cells in the pancreas produce? |
Insulin |
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What does alpha (α) cells in the pancrease produce? |
Glucagon |
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What increases melatonin levels? |
Periods of darkness |
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What inhibits melatonin production? |
Light exposure to the retina |
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What is the role of melatonin? |
synchronizing circadian rhythms and regulates the body sleep schedule |
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What was the 'soil and seed' theory? |
* The male produced 'seed' which forms and 'egg' when mixed with menstrual blood * The egg develops into a fetus according to information from the male seed alone |
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Where is the SRY gene located? |
Y chromosome |
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What does the SRY gene code for? |
TDF proteins that cause embryonic gonads to form into testes |
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In the absence of SRY, what will the embryonic gonads develop into? |
Ovaries |
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Briefly describe the process of in vitro (IVF) fertilization |
* Drugs are used to halt production of FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone * artificial doses of hormones are used to trigger superovulation to collect multiple eggs (prior to follicles rupturing!) * The eggs are fertilized with sperm * the woman takes progesterone treatments to develop endometrium * healthy embryos are transferred into uterus |
