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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the scientific objective of sociological research is to
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describe and explain, not to judge, to find patterns, (deviations will exist, but find "norm")
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sexuality is constructed how?
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SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED
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The sociological imagination/perspective
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tought of by C.Wright-Mills, "way of looking at the world tha tallows the bearer to recognize how the social affects the personal, history affects biography, etc."
-the LENS for understanding social life |
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the importance of sex
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to perserve the family because it is the primary unit of all societies
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"sex"
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biological, male, female, intersex, genetalia, etc. BIOLOGICAL ASPECT, the physical parts
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"gender"
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socially constructed, state of being male of female, THE WAY YOU ACT AND PORTRAY YOURSELF
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"sexual behavior"
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behavior that produces AROUSAL and INCREASES chances of orgasm
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"human sexuality"
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how people experience the erotic and express themselves as sexual beings
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how is sexuality socially constructed?
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RELIGION: no extre/pre marital sex, "homo" and "hetero" weren't words until 1800's, splitting of double humans by gods,
SCIENCE: studies beginning in 19th cent. europe of "hetero/homo", psychological/anthropological/sociological/physiological studies in the 20th cent., etc. MEDIA: cultivation is when what we see is what we think is going on, agenda setting where the reporters decide what's important, social learning how people mimic what's modeled, internet, etc. |
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how has sexuality become such an important organizing and symbolic significance of western culture?
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??
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what is the relationship between sex and power?
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?? (SL-3)
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culture's influence on sexuality
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culture: everything passed down through generations
ETHNOCENTRICISM: judging other culture's behavior using standards of our own -ALL SOCIETIES regulate behavior in some way |
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effects of social class, ethnic variations, and cross-cultural studies
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-social class has variations and similarities,
-ethnic variations are due to cultural heritages, economic and social conditions, etc. -cross-cultural studies show us great variations in sexual expression |
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SEXUALITY IS IN NO WAY JUST
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BIOLOGICAL!
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sexuality and power
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-power: the ability to exercise one's will over others
-authority: power that has been institutionalized 3 areas that dominate affection of sex. beh: SOCIAL CLASS, GENDER, AND RACE. |
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quote in SL-3 about the "Invention of Sexuality"
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"...instead of looking at sex as a whole, we have to look at the many different parts of sexuality. basically we have to accept that what might be considered merely a biological thing, is greatly shaped by social aspects..."
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the theoretical approaches
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SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST and
ESSENTIALIST |
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symbolic interaction theory
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theory based on the premise that human nature and the social order are products of communication among people
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social constructionist assumptions
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-objective reality doesn't exist
-we make subjective interpretations of what we experience -we construct reality within a given cultural context -what's imporant isn't what is; but what we interpret something to mean -SEXUAL ORIENTATION IS SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED DURING LIFE -(nurture side) |
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essentialist assumptions
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-there's a truth that exists apart from us and that we can know that truth
-a given truth is necessary and natural part of the world -it is sometimes expressed as biological givens -people who disagree with "truth" are either denying the truth or are not aware of it -assumes SEXUAL ORIENTATION IS BIOLOGICAL -(nature side) |
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importance of categorizing and categories
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-no one set of categories is more accurate than another
-cultural definitions of categories reflect the social, political, and economic conditions of culture at the time of creation -ESSENTIALISM ARGUES that categories are distinct and "true -SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONM ARGUES you can categorize things in many different ways and it be correct |
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deconstructin
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??
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benefits of using social constructionist approach
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-deconstruction is the goal
-rather than figuring out the nature of something, what are the meanings and interpretations -provides a richer investigation; fuller understanding... what goes into people discovering the answers |
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why it matters if we view sex as a social aspect or a natural aspect
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-viewing of a social aspect gives acceptance to new ideas
-viewing of natural aspect, means one is "natural" and one isn't... gives stigma to one label. gives right/good and wrong/bad |
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theoretical perspectives on sexuality
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EVOLUTIONARY (essentialist):
-sociogiology -evolutionary psychology PSYCHOLOGICAL: SOCIOLOGICAL: -every society regulates sexuality, societal institutions define the rules for regulation, appropriatenes depends on how the culture defines it |
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the instutions that shape sexuality
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RELIGION:
ECONOMY: FAMILY: MEDICINE: LAW: |
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kinship, power, and ideology
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Kinship: maintaines social order, jealously is found in all societies to maintain boundaries in the kinship
Power: those with more power try to control the sexuality of those with less power Ideology: belief system of what is right and wrong |
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quote by Butch Hancock
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"sex is dirty, evil, nasty, bad, sinful, and you should save it for the one you love." -BH, LBK-TX
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movement of sexuality over the time periods
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BEFORE HETERO (1820-1860):
-hetero wasn't defined, either "womanly woman or manly man" -sex was used only for procreation, no eroticism allowed -heterosexual men benefited the most LATE VICTORIAN SEX-LOVE (1860-1892): "heter and homo" were defined, begining of erotocism and "hetero lust", recognition of pleasure, family became consumers... more time to enjoy bodies then just work them FIRST YEARS (1892-1900): categories became concrete, procreation is instinctual, reinforced consumerism DISTRIBUTION OF HETERO (1900-1930): hetero erotocism, viewed as enhancing stability, pleasure-procreation-consumption---enanced capitalism HETERO HEGEMONY (1945-1965): "cult of domesticity" emphasis on gender roles, women were supposed to serve the family and stay at home, link between hetero and procreation was reasserted, KINSEY's research challenged and reinforced dualities |
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identity...
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IDENTITY IS A PRODUCT OF THE 20TH CENTURE, WAS NOT ALWAYS IMPORTANT!
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4 similarities in research
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1- either self reporting or questionaires
2- all research either done in large or small numbers, or individuals 3- done in a lab or in the field 4- behavior occuring or has occured, or behavior being manipulated experimentally |
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issues in sex research
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-sampling: you have to make it REPRESENTATIVE AND RANDOM, so that you can generalize it to match the population
-problems of refusal -volunteer bias: those that volunteer might be more permissive in attitude and sexually experienced |
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reliability of self-reports of sexual behavior
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-purposful distortion: trying to make onesself look better or worse on purpose
-memory: difficult to remember facts accurately -difficulty with estimates: hard to estimate time, especially when engaged in "obsorbing activity" |
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evidence on the reliability of self-reports
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-test/retest: repeating the questions at a later time to measure reliability
-independent reports: using 2 people's stories who share sexual activity |
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Interviews vs. Questionnaires (self-reports)
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-face-to-face or phone: an interviewer can establish rapport and break the ice
-can be done to people who can't read or write -written questionnaire, may be more honest and more anonymous -computer assisted self-interview methos (CASI): offers privacy and helps poor readers, can be programmed to set up the sequence (like at tech) COMBINING THE 2 HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE THE BEST! |
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web-based surveys
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-gives larger samples
-locates stigmatized minorities -possibly problematic cause you can't control the environment |
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Self-report vs. Direct observations
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direct: accurate, no distortion or bad memory can occur
problems: expensive, time consuming, and behavior in the lab might be inhibited |
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other factors that might affect research
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-gender, race, and age of the interviewers
-working of the questions |
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ethical issues in research
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participants have right to be told purpose of research and what to do, may not be forced to participate or complete, may not be blackmailed, must be protected from harm, etc.
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major sex surveys
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KINSEY REPORT: zoologist interested in sexuality, 1940's, both men and women, first done in America, researched everything... no holds bar, had to be shut down because so radical, wasn't accurage in sampling, couldn't generalize
NATIONAL HEALTH AND SOCIAL LIFE SURVEY (NHSLS): best survey of general US population today, 1994, sample was random and representative SEX.BEH. IN FRANCE AND BRITAIN: 1992-92, aids crisis AFRICAN AMERICAN AND HISPANIC YOUTH: 1997, focus on respondents networks of sexual relationships MAGAZINE SURVEYS: biased because only the readers take it |
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Masters and Johnson
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-lab study using direct observation os sex. beh.,
-physiology of sexual response -wasn't random sampling and couldn't be generalized -practice sessions in lab -used inserts in the vagina and item around penis to measure physical responses (never done before) |
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participant-observer studies
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-when the scientist becomes part of the community and makes observation from inside it
-ex: Humphrey's Tearoom Trade (1970), controversial, no consent or explinations to the subjects |
