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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
HIV ia a |
RNA retrovirus |
|
HIV infects... |
CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells |
|
HIV progresses to... |
AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndome |
|
HIV has no... |
vaccine |
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HIV Subtypes |
1. HIV-1: has around 11 subtypes (clades), major type of HIV 2. HIV: found in West Africa, much slower infection |
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HIV originates from |
SIV Simian Immunodeficiency Virus |
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HIV-1 origination |
monkey-chimpanzee/ gorilla-human |
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HIV-2 origination |
monkey-human |
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earliest documented case in 1959 in Africa called |
skinny disease |
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HIV is a global |
pandemic |
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more than .... carry the virus |
40 million |
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only...are officially diagnosed |
5% |
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every 24 hours the infected numbers |
15000 |
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every 24 hours...die |
8000 |
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leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa |
2.5 million AIDS deaths |
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contrary to belief it is transmitted |
heterosexually as well |
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HIV envelope |
1. a glycolipid envelope w/spikes called gp 120 2. means it is easy to inactivate |
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HIV has two strands of |
identical RNA |
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HIV has what enzyme |
1. reverse transcriptase 2. allows it to reproduce in the host |
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AZT and HIV antivirals... |
targeted reverse transcriptase |
|
|
|
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HIV must attach to both ... for infection to occur |
CD4+ and chemokine receptors |
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once in the host cell, viral RNA is.. |
released and transcribed into DNA by reverse transcriptase |
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newly formed viral DNA is incorporated into human DNA chromosome by the enzyme |
integrase |
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new DNA can either |
produce more virus or can remain latent as a provirus |
|
of those infected % individuals never produces disease |
5% remain latent as a provirus |
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HIV can undergo rapid changes in |
antigenic makeup which helps it evade the host defences- inducing drug resistance |
|
diagnosis for HIV |
1. repeatedly reactive tests for HIV antibodies 2. Virus PCR: virus load from blood |
|
Monitoring HIV: viral load |
keep track of number of HIV particles in blood |
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monitoring HIV: CD4+ cells |
1. below 200/nm^3 is indicative of clinical AIDS 2. this occurs because CD4+ cells only live for 2 days when infected 3. virus inhibit new production of T cells |
|
stage A infection |
infection is asymptomatic or causes chronic swollen lymph nodes |
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stage B infection |
persistent infections by opportunists like C. albicans, VZV, cryptosoridia, hairy lekoplakia |
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stage C= clinical AIDS |
defined by "indicator conditions" such as C. albicans infections of the respiratory mucosa, CMV eye infections, TB, Pneumocystis pneumonia, toxoplasmosis of the brain and kaposi's sarcoma |
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mild, flu-like symptoms for HIV may go... |
unnoticed |
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oral candidiasis HIV |
1. usually caused by C. albicans 2. most common infection is thrush |
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Oral leukoplakia HIV |
1. usually asymptomatic, no treatment needed 2. characterized by white lesions EBV |
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HIV gingivitis and periodontitis |
symptoms 1. severe pain 2. bleeding gums 3. loosening of teeth |
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ocular infections with HIV |
very common, ranging from bening HIV retinopathy to sight threatening viral infections |
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most common HOV ocular infection |
CMV retinitis, very serious |
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Varicella-zoster retinitis |
severe necrotizing retinitis |
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leading cause of mortality and morbidity in HIV infected patients |
HIV pulmonary disease |
|
most dangerous pulmonary HIV disease |
Pneumocystis jirovechi Pneumonia |
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PJP |
1. insidious onset 2. early diagnosis and treatment important 3. dry cough- no purulent sputum |
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antibiotic for PJP |
trimethoprim-sulfa "septra" |
|
first infectious complication for HIV |
mycobacterial diseases |
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HIV increases reactivation of |
latent infections |
|
HIV patients have ... annual risk of developing active disease |
5-10% |
|
HIV increases the risk of |
symptomatic disease/ mycobacteria diseases after infection |
|
HIV increases dissemination of |
TB |
|
kaposi's sarcoma associated with infection of |
HHV 8 |
|
Kaposi's Sarcoma treated by |
radio theraphy |
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Kaposi's disease defining illness of |
AIDS |
|
usually seen in infected homosexual men |
vascular neoplastic disorder |
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kaposi's sarcoma appears as |
cutaneous red-purple nodules or plaques |
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sites usually affected by Kasopi's Sarcoma |
legs, feet, mucous membranes, hard palate, nose, trunk and scalp |
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TRANSMISSION OF HIV |
1. contact with bodily fluid 2. sexual contact 3. blood contamination from needles, transplants and blood transfusions 3. transmission more effective if sores are present |
|
blood as bodily fluid of contamination |
has highest viral load 100000+ viruses/ml |
|
semen as a bodily fluid of contamination |
not as high as blood, around 50 viruses/ml |
|
vertical transmission of HIV |
1. pregnancy, delivery and breast feeding 2. artificial insemination: semen contaminated with HIV |
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prevention of neonate infection |
1. antivirals during pregnancy and the first 6 months |
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HAART |
combination of anti-HIV medicines |
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problem with treatments |
rapid development of resistance |
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when do we treat |
as soon as infection is found |
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how to check for resistance? |
looking through HIV genome sequence |
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TRUVADA |
1. uses combination of two RT inhibitors 2. can be used PrEP or pre-exposure, giving 75% protection 3. use for actual treatment for the disease in combination w/other drugs |
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cure for HIV?
|
there is no cure for HIV |