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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
relationship between cardiovascular and lymphatic systems |
once something infects the lymphatics, it can reach the vasculature |
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cardiovascular infections can be infections of the |
1. blood 2. heart and its valves 3. vessel walls |
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systemic infections are |
disseminated infections |
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bacteremia is the presence of |
bacteria in the blood |
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septicemia/ sepsis |
presence of bacteria in blood and systemic response to infection |
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septic shock caused by both |
gram + and - |
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septic shock most dangerous from gram |
- |
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why more dangerous when gram - |
because gram negatives release LPS, causing endotoxic shock |
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how do bacteria get into the blood/lymph? |
1. breach of the body's natural first line of defence- skin 2. infection and inflammation of tissues- openings to inside of body |
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how do we find out if there are bacteria in bloodstream? |
take blood culture bottles, take anaerobe and aerobe tests |
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why take multiple vials to test for positive blood cultures? |
to make sure that one is infected, usually blood sample can be contaminated by S. epidermidis. |
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common organisms found in positive blood cultures |
1. S. aureus and epidermidis 2. S. pneumoniae 3. enterococci 4. alpha-streptococci 5. gram negatives |
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bacteremia can lead to |
1. spontaneous learing of bacteria 2. infection of other parts of the body 3. sepsis 4. septic shock |
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infections of the heart muscle can arise from... |
microorganisms in the bloodstream |
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sub-acute bacterial endocarditis |
infections of valves w/bacteria from the bloodstream |
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the bacteria forms ... in the heart |
vegetations/biofilms |
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sub-acute bacterial endocarditis usually occurs to people with.. |
abnormal valves |
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sub-acute bacterial endocarditis symptoms |
1. fever 2. weakness 3. heart murmur |
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Usually caused by |
1. alpha hemolytic stretococci 2. S. epidermidis 3. enterococci which are usually part of normal flora- called wimpy bacteria |
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acute bacterial endocarditis is a |
rapidly progressive damage to heart valves |
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acute bacterial endocarditis often occurs when |
open heart surgery has been done and the wound is contaminated |
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acute bacterial endocarditis usually caused by |
S. aureus and other pyogenic bacteria (very aggressive) |
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pericarditis |
inflammation of heart sac or pericardium |
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pericarditis often caused by |
S. pyogenes |
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Pericarditis may also caused by |
viruses such as a virus named "Bornholm disease" |
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normal heart vs heart wth purulent inflammation |
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atherosclerosis causes what in the arteries? |
over growth of smooth muscle tissue, making artery opening small |
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atherosclerosis believed to be caused by |
a multi-pathogen load |
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lymphangitis |
inflammation of the lymphatic channels |
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lymphangitis can lead to |
sepsis |
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spleen function |
remove contaminants and cells produces opsonizing antibodies |
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reasons for splenectomy |
1. trauma, damage 2. thrombocytopenia |
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thrombocytopenia |
where spleen is sequestering platelets |
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patients without a spleen are very susceptible to infection with |
encapsulated organisms |
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need to ...before splenectomy if possible need for antibiotic... |
vaccinate prophylaxis |
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Septicemia w/ S. pneumoniae is common in |
asplenic individuals |
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Bacillus anthracis causes |
Anthrax |
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Borrelia bergdorferi causes |
lyme disease |
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Yersinia pestis causes |
black death |
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borrelia burgdorferi is a |
microaerophilic spicrochaete |
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causes erythema migrans or |
bulls eyes rash |
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borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted through |
ticks which live in mice and deer |
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ticks must be attached for... before... is transferred |
24 hours bacterium |
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Borrelia can live for years in untreated patients within |
1. joints 2. nervous system 3. skin |
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common complications with Borrelia burgdorferi |
arthritis and neurological disorders |
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Yernsinia pestis is a |
facultatively anaerobic Gram - bacillus |
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yernsinia pestis can live in |
phagocytes/macrophages |
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yersinia pestis causes two syndromes |
pneumonic and bubonic plague |
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transmission or bubonic plague |
rats |
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transmission for pneumonic plague |
human transmission |
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pneumonic plague can start as bubonic plague where a |
lymph node is infected and bursts, spreading to lungs where it becomes pneumonic plague |
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plague can be treated if in time with |
tetracycline or streptomycin |
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Pasteurella mullocida is a |
facultatively anerobic Gram-negative bacillus |
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found often in... most infectious from... |
often found in dog and cat mouths most infectious are cat bites |
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pasteurella multocida can cause |
sepsis and septic shock |
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pasteurella needs ... before tests results come back |
acute treatment with antibiotic |
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Viral Hemorrhagic fevers are mostly |
zoonotic diseases |
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first symptoms of viral hemorrhagic fevers are |
1. fevers 2. chills 3. headache 4. nausea 5. vomitting |
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viral hemorrhagic fevers are usually followed by |
jaundice or liver damage |
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Yellow Fever caused by |
RNA virus called flaviviridae |
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yellow fever transmitted by |
mosquitoes |
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yellow fever is characterized by |
hepatic, renal and myocardial injury, and hemorrhages |
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yellow fever only occurs in |
S. America and Sub-Saharan Africa |
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Yellow fever natural reservoir are |
monkeys |
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yellow fever diagnosis are done by |
serology |
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yellow fever treatment |
no treat men but there is live attenuated vaccine |
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Dengue and Yellow fever have the same.. |
viral origins and transmission |
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dengue is endemic in |
Caribbean and tropics |
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Dengue has ... subtypes |
4 |
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dengue also called |
breakbone fever |
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dengue symptoms |
1. fever 2 muscle pain 3 joint pain 4. rashes |
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Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is more severe than... and can cause... in hours |
more severe than Dengue fever and causes shock |
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Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is caused by |
reinfection of another type of dengue within two yrs of initial infection |
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Zika Virus is cuased by |
RNA, enveloped virus of Flaviviridae family |
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Zika first seen in |
rhesus monkey |
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Zika linked with |
Guillan Barre syndrome and microcephaly |
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Zika treatment |
no vaccine or antiviral |
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Ebola Virus caused by |
Enveloped RNA virus- a filovirus |
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Ebola reservoir are |
bats |
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Ebola transmission |
direct contact of bodily fluids |
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Ebola treatment |
aggressive supportive treat ment with IV fluids |
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spread of Ebola down to these facors |
1. lack of education 2. lack of health facilities 3. movement of people in West Africa 4. traditions of caring for the dead |
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ebola symptoms |
1. headache 2. myalgia 3. sore throat 4. red eyes 5. nausea 6. vomitting 7. diarrhea 8. rashes 9. chest pain |