Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mechanical |
Touch, hearing,balance |
|
Thermal |
Hot, Cold |
|
Electromagnetic |
Vision |
|
Chemical |
Taste, Smell |
|
General Senses |
Visceral Sensations- Hunger,thirst,hollow-organ fullness Type of Stimulus-Chemical,Mechanical |
|
General Sense |
Touch and Pressure Type of Stimulus--Mechanical |
|
General Sense- Temperature |
Heat and Cold......Type of stimulus...Thermal |
|
General Sense- Pain |
Intense stimuli of any type...Type of Stimulus--------- Mechanical, Chemical , or Thermal. |
|
General Sense- Proprioception |
Body Position and Movement. Type of Stimulus- Mechanical |
|
Visceral Sensations |
Miscellaneous category of interior body sensations......Vague and poorly socialized. Hunger. Thirst. Visceral Stretch -GI Tract and Urinary System |
|
Touch and Pressure |
Tactile sense - sensation of something in contact with the surface of the body. Pressure- sensation of something pressing on the body surface. Different touch and pressure receptors produce sensations of light contact,deep pressure,vibration or hair movement. |
|
Temperature |
2 Types of Temperature Receptors. Superficial - receptors in the skin. - detect changes in skin temperature. Central- receptors in hypothalamus. - - monitor temperature of the blood. |
|
Pain |
Pain receptors= Nociceptors. - Widely distributed inside and on the surface of the body. - Not present in the Brain. - May be simple nerve endings or more specialized structures to detect mechanical forces, temperature,etc. - Purpose: protect body from damage. |
|
Pain Processes |
Transduction. Transmission. Modulation. Perception. |
|
Classification of Pain |
Superficial. Deep. Visceral. Acute. Chronic. |
|
Proprioception |
Sense of body position and movement. - Movements of Limbs - Position of Joints - State of contraction of muscles - Tension exerted on Tendons and Ligaments |
|
Special Senses |
Taste, Smell, Hearing, External Ear, Inner Ear, Equilibrium, Vestibule, Semicircular Canals, Vision, Terminology, Major Layers of the Eyeball, Lens, Retina, Formulation of a Visual Image, Extraocular Structures. |
|
Special Sense...Taste |
Tastes.....Chemical Type of Stimulus |
|
Special Sense...Smell |
Odors....Chemical Type of Stimulus |
|
Special Sense ...Hearing |
Sounds....Mechanical Type of Stimulus |
|
Special Sense....Equilibrium |
Balance and Head Position....Mechanical Type of Stimulus |
|
Special Sense...Vision |
Light...Electromagnetic type of Stimulus |
|
Taste= Gustatory Sense |
Chemical substances detected by receptors in mouth: Papillae on the Tongue and Lining the Mouth and Pharynx |
|
Smell= Olfactory Sense |
Chemical sense similar to taste............................................................................More Important to nonhuman animals Olafactory cellsin Epitheilial patches in nasal passages : Odor Molecules dissolve in mucus |
|
Hearing= Auditory Sense |
Mechanical Sense Converts vibrations of air molecules into nerve impulses Impulses interpreted by the brain as sound Organ of hearing= the Ear Most structures within temporal bones of skull External Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear |
|
External Ear |
Pinna- connects sound waves L-Shaped External Auditory Canal Tympanic Membrane= Ear Drum |
|
Tympanic Membrane=Eardrum |
Paper thin connective tissue membrane stretched tightly across opening between: - external auditory canal - middle ear cavity Sound wave vibrations strike Tympanic Membrane and cause it to vibrate |
|
Middle Ear |
Hollowed-out area in Temporal Bone Filled with Air 3 Ossicles: Malleus = Hammer Incus = Anvil Stapes = Stirrup |
|
Inner Ear |
3 Ossicles: Link tympanic membrane with Cochlea Cause vibrations to decrease in size but amplify in force( protects ear ) |
|
Middle ear Ossicles |
Act as system of levers that transmit sound wave vibrations from tympanic membrane to Cochlea Malleus- outermost bone, attached to tympanic membrane Incus- Middle Bone Stapes- attached to membrane covering oval window of cochlea Vibrations are decreased in size and increased in force |
|
Eustachian Tube--Auditory Tube |
Connects middle ear cavity with pharynx : equalizes air pressure on two sides of tympanic membrane : slit like opening into pharynx is stretched open *yawning *swallowing |
|
Inner Ear |
Structures contribute to hearing and equilibrium :Cochlea - snail shell-shaped spiral cavity in temporal bone : Organ of Corti - fluid filled portion that makes up receptor organ of hearing |
|
Organ of Corti |
- Runs length of cochlear duct on basilar membrane - filled with Endolymph - contains hair cells ( hearing receptors ), supporting cells, and tectorial membrane |
|
Hearing |
- Sound wave vibrations cause tympanic membrane and ossicles in middle ear to vibrate. - Perilymph around coach;ear duct vibrates. - Cochlear duct moves |
|
Hearing |
- Tectorial membrane and hair cells of Organ of Corti rub against each other. - nerve impulses are generated - impulses travel to brain and are interpreted as sound |
|
Equilibrium |
- A mechanical sense - helps animal maintain balance by keeping track of head's position and movements : equilibrium receptors in inner ear....Vestibule and Semicircular canals. - information from eyes - Proprioceptors around the body |
|
Vestibule |
- Located between cochlea and semicircular canals - 2 Saclike spaces : utricle : saccule - Macula- found in each utricle and saccule - Hair cells covered by gelatinous matrix that contains otoliths |
|
Macula |
- gravity causes Otoliths and gelatinous matrix to put constant pressure on the hairs - movement of head bends sensory hairs - nerve impulse generated to give the brain information about the position of the head |
|
Semicircular Canals |
- located on other side of the vestibule from the cochlea - contain fluid-filled membraneous tubes |
|
Eyeball- Middle Vascular Layer = Uvea |
Iris - pigmented muscular diaphragm - controls amount of light that enters the posterior part of the eye - opening in center of Isis = PUPIL |
|
Eyeball- Middle Vascular Layer = Uvea |
Ciliary Body - Ring-shaped structure behind the Iris - Contains tiny muscles that adjust shape of the lens to allow near and far vision |
|
Eyeball- Inner Nervous Layer |
Retina - lines the back of the eye - one component of the fundus - contains rods and cones, the sensory receptors for vision |
|
Compartments of the Eyeball |
Aqueous Compartment - Aqueous humor |
|
Compartments of the Eyeball |
Vitreous Compartment - Vitreous compartment |
|
Aqueous Compartment |
- Located in front of the lens - subdivided by iris - anterior chamber - posterior chamber - Contains clear, watery fluid= Aqueous Humor - produced in posterior chamber by cells of ciliary body - drained by canal of Schlemm |
|
Vitreous Compartment |
- contains clear, gelatinous fluid = Vitreous Humor - fills whole back of eyeball behind lens and ciliary body |
|
Semicircular Canals |
Ampulla - enlarged area near utricle end of each semicircle |
|
Semicircular Canals |
Crista Ampullaris - receptor structure within the Ampulla |
|
Semicircular Canals |
Cupula - cone shaped area of supporting cells and hair cells with their processes sticking up into gelatinous structure |
|
Sense of Motion |
- The head moves - fluid movement lags in one plane of semicircular canals - fluid movement pulls on cupola - Hairs are bent - Nerve impulse is generated - Brain receives information about motion of the head |
|
Vision- Eye components |
- function is to help form an accurate visual image - function in Not to detect the image |
|
Vision- Eye Components |
Photoreceptors- - located in a single layer of cells in the retina - function is to detect the image - generate visual nerve impulses |
|
Eyeball Layers |
Outer fibrous layer -- Cornea, Sclera |
|
Eyeball Layer |
Middle Vascular Layer---Choiroid, Iris, Ciliary Body |
|
Eyeball Layer |
Inner Layer------Retina |
|
Eyeball- Outer Fibrous Layer |
Cornea---transparent; admits light to interior of the eye -----------orderly arrangement of collagen fibers -----------no blood vessels; many pain receptors |
|
Eyeball- Outer Fibrous Layer |
Sclera-- The "White" of the eye |
|
Eyeball- Outer fibrous layer |
Limbus-- junction of the cornea and sclera |
|
Eyeball - Middle Vascular Layer = Uvea |
Choroid-- Lies between sclera and retina ----------- consists mainly of pigment and blood vessels ----------- Tapetum Lucidum-----is highly reflective area in rear of eye |
|
Lens of the Eye |
Soft, translucent layers of fibers Elastic and biconvex Front surface in contact with aqueous humor Back surface in contact with vitreous humor Helps focus a clad image on the retina through Accommodation process |
|
Retina |
Lines most of the Vitreous compartment Mutilayered: -pigment layer -photoreceptor layer -bipolar cell layer -ganglion cell layer -layer of nerve fibers |
|
Retina |
Optic Disc: "blind spot" of the Eye Site where nerve fibers on the inside of retina converge and leave the eye to form the Optic nerve |
|
Retina |
Photoreceptor Cells: - Neurons with dendrites modified into sensory receptors for light. --RODS = more sensitive to light --CONES = more sensitive to color and detail |
|
Formation of a Visual image |
4 refractive media in the eye help form a clear upside-down image on the Retina - brain inverts image - Conscious mind sees everything right - side up |
|
Extraocular Structures |
Conjunctiva--thin, moist, transparent membrane - covers front portion of eyeball - BULBAR CONJUNCTIVA - lines interior surfaces of eyelids - PALPERBRAL CONJUNCTIVA |
|
Extraocular Structures |
Conjunctiva sac- Space between Bulbar and palpebral portions of conjunctiva |
|
Extraocular Structures--- Eyelids |
upper and lower folds of skin, lined by conjunctiva |
|
Extraocular structures---Lateral and Medial Canthus |
Corners where the eyelids come together |
|
Extraocular structures --Tarsal Glands = Meibomian glands |
-their tiny openings are found along eyelid margin - produce wxy substance to prevent tears from overflowing onto the face |
|
Extraocular Structure-- Eyelashes |
Prominent on upper lid of most animals |
|
Extraocular structure- Third Eyelid |
T - Shaped plate of cartilage covered by conjunctiva - located medially between eyelids and eyeball - no muscle attachment; passive movements - Lymph nodules and accessory lacrimal gland on ocular surface |
|
Extraocular structure - Lacrimal Apparatus |
Structures that produce and secrete tears and drain tears away from the surface of the eye - Lacrimal glands are the primary source of tears - Tear drainage system: - Lacrimal Puncta - Lacrimal Sacs Nasolacrimal Duct |
|
TEARS |
Liquid film that moistens and protects the surface of the eye |
|
Tears - 3 Main layers- #1 |
1. Inner Mucus Layer- From cells in Conjunctiva |
|
Tears - 3 Main Layers - #2 |
2. Middle tear layer- from Lacrimal glands and accessory lacrimal glands of the third eyelid -- Keeps Cornea Moist |
|
Tears - 3 Main Layers - #3 |
3. Outer Oily Layer - From Tarsal or Meibomian Glands - Reduces evaporation of underlying tear Layer - Prevents tears from flowing over the lid margin |
|
Extraocular Structures -- Eye Muscles |
- Small, Skeletal muscles - Attach to Sclera - Capable of wide range of movements |