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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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problem in body function or structure that deviates from expected norm
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impairment
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any physical or mental impairment that limits any major life activity
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disability
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what parents medical history do you need to be concerned about
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mother
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what components are important for the medical history
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- maternal pregnancy
- childhood disease - ADL and hygeine - driving hx - use of protective shields |
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what types of food are good for eye wellness
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- vit A
- B complex - antioxidants - zinc |
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what are some ways of primary eye wellness
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- proper diet
- eye protection - handwashing - contact's care/cleansing - DONT RUB EYES |
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what are some ways of secondary eye wellness
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HP eye screenings
- vision - EOM, hirshberg, cover uncover - peerla - tonometry -fundoscopy - gonioscopy |
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what test measures intraocular pressure, IOP, glaucoma
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tonometry
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what test tests reflection angle of anterior chamber
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gonioscopy
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what does tertiary eye wellness consist of
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visual rehab
- grief - lifestyle changes - visual aids - social support - referrals |
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what stages do people go through when going through visual rehab
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- grief
- lifestyle changes - visual aids - social support - referrals |
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what effects may deeper eyes have on vision
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upward gaze
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what effects can decreased eye lids etc have
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- decreased tear secretion
- accommodation - corneal reflex |
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what are some effects of aging on the eyes
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- decreased eyebrow, eyelash, eyelids
- deeper eyes - decreased tear secretion, accomodation, coreal reflex - arcus sinilis - paler iris - smaller pupil - decreased visual acuity --glare tolerance --adaptations to dark and light --peripheral vision --accomodation/prebyopia - CATARACT |
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what is the most common eye condition related to aging
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cataract
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how is legal blindness defined
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visual acuity 20/200 or less with maximal correction
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what are some common eye sensation
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- pain
- itching - burning - photophobia |
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ophthalmalgia
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eye pain
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- often poorly localized
- eyestrain - pullin - pressure - fullness - superficial - deep |
eye pain
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where is eye pain commonly felt
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- brow
- periocular - ocular - retrobulbar |
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what cranial nerve is involved in ptosis
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3
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eye is bulging out
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proptosis
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does grave disease have to be bilateral
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no
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what are some signs of altered vision
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- refractive error
- ptosis - cloudiness |
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what are some common causes of altered vision
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- medications
- trauma - could be local or systemic |
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what are some common preventable causes of permanent vision loss
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- amblyopia
- diabetic retinopathy - age - related maculopathy - glaucoma |
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- reduced vision in an eye not correctable by a manifest refraction and without obvious pathologic or structural cause
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amblyopia
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typically the vision in one eye is 2 lines or more worse than in the other eye
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amblyopia
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lazy eye, relaxed muscle, brain shuts off with the wandering eye
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amblyopia
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intraocular muscle imbalance that results in misalignment
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strabismus
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what are the different types of strabismus
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- esotropia
- exotropia - hypertropia - hypotropia |
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how is strabismus diagnosed
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- inspection
- EOMs - hirschberg - cover uncover |
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what is the treatment for strabismus
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- glasses with prism
- patch over good eye - botulinum neurotoxin A (botox) - surgery (standard) |
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what can you expect to see with a post op strabismus patient
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- no patch
- conjunctival injection - serosanguinous tears ----- wipe with clean cloth or muscle - mild analgesia prn |
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- most common cause of visual impairment
- c/o blurred vision, headache - normally, light is bent as it passes through cornea and lens - disorders occur when light rays are not focused properly on retina |
refractive disorders
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what are some refractive disorders
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- myopia
- hyperopia - presbyopia - astigmatism |
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- nearsightedness
- eyeball is usually longer than normal - light rays come into focus IN FRONT of retina - refractive power is too strong |
myopia
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what is the treatment for myopia
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corrective lenses or surgery
- concave or minus lens used to focus rays on eye |
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- farsightedness
- eyeball shorter thank normal - cornea with lens curvature than normal |
hyperopia
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- focal point falls BEHIND the eye
- image in retina is blurred |
hyperopia
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what is the treatment for hyperopia
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convex or plus lens in front of eye
- lens supplies the magnifying poerr eye lacks |
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- lens loses elasticity
- difficulty focusing on near objects |
presbyopia
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- corneal curvature not spherical
- rays of light are bent uneually by cornea in all directions - point of focus cannot be attained - poor vision for both far and near |
astigmatism
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what is the treatment for astigmatism
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corrective lenses
- refractive surgery |
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what is the complication of corrective surgery for astigmatism
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ulcerative keratitis (infection of the cornea)
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what are some nursing care for outpt postop
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- eye protection to prevent dry eyes
- steroid drops - antimicrobial eye drops - analgesics |
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what is a common complication of eye surgery
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- slightly increased tearing
- mild discomfort - vision waxes and wanes |
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- one of the leading causes of blindness in older adults; increases with age
- blue rays of spectrum accelerated - usually bilateral and progressive |
Age Related Macular Degeneration
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- 70-80% of AMD
- nonvascular - characterized by atrophy and degeneration of outer retina and underlying structures |
dry nonexudate AMD
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what do you see on fundoscopy with dry nonexudate AMD
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- yellow round spots (drusen bodies, subretinal hyaline deposits)
- may be seen on retina and macula |
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- 20-30% of AMD, but 90% of AMD legal blindness
- Bruch's membrane becomes compromised - can cause bleeding within and beneath the retina |
wet exudate AMD
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- serous fluid leaks from choroid with accompanying proliferation of choroidal blood vessels
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wet exudate AMD
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c/o wavy lines, distorted central vision, blind areas, decreased color perception
- per funduscopy, dome-shaped retinal pigment epithelium |
wet AMD
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-metamorphasia
- scotoma |
- distorted central vision
- blind areas |
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- groups of ocular disorders characterized by increased IOP
- optic nerve atrophy - visual field loss (peripheral vision) |
glaucoma
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what are the risk factors for glaucoma
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- black
- htn - cvd - dm - obesity - chronic use of corticosteroids - family hx - dark env (pupils dilated) |
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what are the classifications of glaucoma
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- primary/ secondary
- acute. chronic - open angle or closed - normal or low tension - congenital |
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describes the angle and width between cornea and iris
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angle
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what is the most common glaucoma
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open angle
- 90% primary |
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what type of lens is needed for hyperopnia
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convex or plus lens in front of eye; lens supplies the magnifying power eye lacks
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what type of lens is needed for myopia
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concave or minus lens used to focus rays on eye
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what type of lens is needed for hyperopnia
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convex or plus lens in front of eye; lens supplies the magnifying power eye lacks
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what type of lens is needed for myopia
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concave or minus lens used to focus rays on eye
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what type of corrective lenses are used to correct astigmatism
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cylindrical
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true or false AMD is usually bilateral & progressive
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true
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what visual field is lost with glaucoma
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peripheral
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what is atrophied with glaucoma
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optic nerve
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what is atrophied with dry AMD
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retina
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why are dark environments considered a risk factor for glaucoma
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because the pupils remain dilated
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which glaucoma is primary, multifactorial disorder that’s often genetically determined
and chronic |
open angle
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what is the most common cause for open angle glaucoma
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degenerative change in trabecular network, resulting in decreased outflow of aqueous humor
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what is the normal range of IOP
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12-22
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tunnel vision
persistent dull brow pain difficult adjustment to dark failure to detect color change disc cupping |
open angle
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what is IOP for open angle
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>24
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scotoma
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blind spot
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what disposes one to closed angle
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anatomically narrow anterior chamber angle
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which glaucoma affects OU
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open angle
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what is IOP for closed angle
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>50
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what is the difference between normal tension and open angle
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optic nerve is damaged even though IOP is NOT high & no one knows why
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what are some risk factors for normal angle glaucoma
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family hx, Japanese origin, systemic heart disease
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what are some causes of secondary glaucoma
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- edema
- , injury [hyphema], - inflammation or infection, - tumor, - advanced cataract, - diabetes |
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when is IOP at its highest
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- in the morning
- when lying down - when dark, pupils dilated |
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what happens when IOP is too high
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inhibits blood supply to optic nerve & retina
tissues become ischemic tissues lose function, i. e., vision individual response to IOP varies |
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what agents are contraindicated for glaucoma and why
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mydriatics and cycloplegics because they dilate pupils, dilated pupils restricts outflow of aqeus humor
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