Sensory And Motor Systems

Front 1

receptors and transduction are part of which nervous system

Back 1

peripheral

Front 2

sensationa nd perception are part of which nervous system

Back 2

central

Front 3

stimulus--> ______ --> afferent path -->_________

Back 3

sensor or receptor ; afferent path

Front 4

special sensory receptors

Back 4

smell taste vision balance hearing

Front 5

somtatic sensory receptors

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skeletal muscles joints skin surgaces

Front 6

visceral sensory receptors

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internal organs cardiovascular respiratory digestive urinary reproductive systems

Front 7

three things sensory systems do

Back 7

transduction sensation perception

Front 8

convert forms of energy into elecrical signals

Back 8

transduction

Front 9

location of sensory receptors

Back 9

peripheral end of afferent neuron

Front 10

"adequate stimulus"

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senstivity

Front 11

receptors quickly adapt to contstant stimuli

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radidly adapting

Front 12

type of rapidly adapting receptors

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olfactory and tactile

Front 13

receptors slowly adapt to constant stimuli

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slowly adapting

Front 14

examples of slowly adapting receptors

Back 14

nociceptors and muscle stretch receptors, joint proprioceptors

Front 15

the smaller the receptive feild, the better able to

Back 15

localize the response

Front 16

activation of one or more receptive feilds

Back 16

two point discrimination test

Front 17

sensitive to distortion of cell membrane

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mechanoreceptors

Front 18

stetching can open or close ion channels activating _____ receptors

Back 18

mechano

Front 19

receptors involved with touch pressure and vibration

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tactile

Front 20

degree of distortion

Back 20

pressure

Front 21

type of mechanorecptor involed with pressure of lung digestive tract bladder wall etc

Back 21

baroreceptor

Front 22

mechanoreceptor sense of body position

Back 22

proprioceptors

Front 23

monitor skeletal muscle length

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muscle spindles

Front 24

monitor skeletal muscle tension

Back 24

golgi tendon organs

Front 25

detect pressure tension and movement

Back 25

joint receptors

Front 26

which receptors have free nerve endings

Back 26

thermo/noci

Front 27

receptors for heat

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32-45C

Front 28

receptors for cold

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14 to 33C

Front 29

cold receptors are _____ mediated causing ______

Back 29

ca2+

K+ causes hyperpolarization

Front 30

excessive temps --> damage---> ______

Back 30

niciception

Front 31

special senses

Back 31

audition/balance, gustatory, olfactory, vision

Front 32

contains receptors for conversion of sound waves into nerve impulses

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cochlea

Front 33

necessary for sense of equilibrium

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vestibular aparatus

Front 34

depends on frequency of air waves

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pitch of sound

Front 35

depends on amplitude of air waves

Back 35

intensity

Front 36

determined by which ear is stimulated first

Back 36

localization of sound

Front 37

percieve lower tones

Back 37

hairs farther down basilar membrane

Front 38

farther down the basilar membrane is toward the

Back 38

apex

Front 39

deafness that involves external or middle ear

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conductive

Front 40

sound waves transmitted to inner ear but not transduced into nerve signals

Back 40

sensorineural deafness

Front 41

age-related sensorineural hearing loss

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presbycusis

Front 42

age effects what type of frequencies more

Back 42

high

Front 43

young adults lose ability to hear above

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15 or 16 khz

Front 44

what system are the mechanoreceptors in semicircular canals and vestibule of inner ear

Back 44

vestibular system

Front 45

sense the position of the head and maintain posture when motionless

Back 45

static equilibrium

Front 46

prevent loss of balance during rapid head or body movement

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dynamic equilibrium

Front 47

hair cells of the vestibular system are covered in

Back 47

a gelatin like fluid

Front 48

calcium carbonate crystls on top of gelatin like fliud in vestibular system

Back 48

otoliths

Front 49

receptors in joints and muscles =________ input

Back 49

proprioceptive input

Front 50

receptors in semicircular canals and otolith organs = _________ input

Back 50

vestibular

Front 51

sensation of spinning

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vertigo

Front 52

oscillating eye movements

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nystagmus

Front 53

symptoms of vertigo

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nystagmus, anability to walk, tinnitus if severe

Front 54

less severe cases of vertigo may be from

Back 54

build up of calcium in the semicircular canals of the inner ear

Front 55

treatment for vertio

Back 55

exercises that move head around to help Ca debris move away from hair cells

Front 56

help with respiratory control and thirst control

Back 56

chemoreceptors

Front 57

receptors on the taste buds respond to a variety of

Back 57

chemicals disolved in saliva

Front 58

where are the receptors located that distinquish different smells

Back 58

olfactory bulb

Front 59

olfactory receptors in nose are specialized endings of

Back 59

renewable afferent neurons

Front 60

types of cells in olfactory mucosa

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olfactory receptor, supporting, basal

Front 61

receptor cel that afferent axon traverses into brain

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olfactory receptor cell

Front 62

mucosa cell that secretes mucus

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supporting cell

Front 63

precursors of new olfactory receptor cells

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basal cells

Front 64

how often are basal cells replaced

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every 2 months

Front 65

causes of loss of smell

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age, repeated inflammation (allergies smoking), trauma at frontal lobe or prefrontal cortex

Front 66

deterioration of olfactory neurons in nasal cavity

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anosmia

Front 67

olfactory hallucinations

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cacosmia

Front 68

can be caused by tumors or seizures at olfactory cortex

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cacosmnia

Front 69

opening through which fluids in mouth come into contact with surface of receptor cells

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taste pore

Front 70

taste bud consists of

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taste pore and taste receptor cell

Front 71

modified epithelial cells with surface folds called microvilli

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taste receptor cell

Front 72

taste receptor cell lifespan

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10 days

Front 73

salty receptor activation opens

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na channels

Front 74

sour receptor activation closes

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k channels

Front 75

sweet receptor activation activates

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g proteins eventually closing k channels

Front 76

bitter receptor activation activates

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g proteins and intracellular ca stores

Front 77

taste is influenced by stimulation of

Back 77

thermo and mechano receptors

Front 78

interaction of taste sensors allow

Back 78

more variety of taste sensation

Front 79

damage to CN 9

Back 79

loss of bitter taste

Front 80

damage to CN 7

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loss of sour sweet and salty taste

Front 81

causes of dysguesia

Back 81

age, trauma, smoking, medications

Front 82

inner lining of the eyeball

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retina

Front 83

area on the retina where light is focused

Back 83

fovea

Front 84

lots of cones located in the

Back 84

fovea

Front 85

respond selectively to various wavelengths of light

Back 85

cones

Front 86

make color vision possible

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cones ( red blue gree)

Front 87

provide vision only in shades of gray

Back 87

rod

Front 88

has lots of rhodopsin

Back 88

rods

Front 89

concentrated in fovea

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cones

Front 90

lots of photopigment

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rods

Front 91

rapid response to light

Back 91

cones

Front 92

in photoreceptors current is sustained by

Back 92

the na k atpase

Front 93

light absorbed by photopigment and causes the cell to break down

Back 93

cGMP

Front 94

shutting na channels in photoreceptors causes

Back 94

hyperpolarization

Front 95

photoreceptors synapse with

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bipolar and horizontal cells

Front 96

cells that aid in helping determine contrast and brightness

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bipolar and horizontal cells

Front 97

horizontal cells synapse

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ganglion cells (m and P)

Front 98

what makes the optic nerve

Back 98

horizonal cells synapse with ganglion cells

Front 99

carry the visual input to other parts of the brain and eventually the occipital cortex

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horizonal cells synapse with ganglion cells

Front 100

normally due to photoreceptor absence

Back 100

color blindness

Front 101

most common type of color blindness

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red/green

Front 102

have 3 photopigments but only from 2 groups

Back 102

anomalous trichromacy

Front 103

2 red photopigments ( most common)

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deuteranomalous

Front 104

missing one group of photopigments`

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dichromacy

Front 105

alterations in refraction

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myopia hyperopia astigmatism

Front 106

cornea is misshapped

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astigmatism

Front 107

nearsighted

Back 107

myopia

Front 108

increase in near point focus

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presbyopia

Front 109

alterations in accomodation

Back 109

presbyopia

Front 110

change in strength and shape of lense in order to focus on subject

Back 110

accommodation

Front 111

accomplshed by action of ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments

Back 111

accomodation

Front 112

age related reduction in accommodation ability

Back 112

presbyopia

Front 113

in hyperopia lasik makes the cornea more

Back 113

curved

Front 114

visual disfunction that is a developmental abnormality

Back 114

strabismus

Front 115

caused by metabolic changes and nutrient transport causing denaturation of lens protein

Back 115

cataracts

Front 116

common in the elderly diabetic and those exposed to excess uv light

Back 116

catacts

Front 117

increased glare, blurred vision, alterations in color perception

Back 117

cataracts

Front 118

increased intraocular pressure due to blocked aqueaous humor flow through eye

Back 118

glaucoma

Front 119

eye drops to reestablish aqueas flow

Back 119

glaucoma

Front 120

surgical opening of the tracebulea

Back 120

glaucoma

Front 121

light sensing cells in the macula malfuction and overtime cease to work

Back 121

AMD

Front 122

loss of central vision

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AMD

Front 123

alterations in comliment factor genes increase risk of

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AMD

Front 124

ansler grid test

Back 124

AMD

Front 125

motor commands withen ______ division

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efferent

Front 126

lobe controlling motor function

Back 126

frontal

Front 127

precentral gyrus and contralateral muscle control

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primary motor cortex

Front 128

panning motor movements

Back 128

premotor cortex

Front 129

important in responding to environmental stimuli

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premotor cortex

Front 130

basal nuclei includes

Back 130

the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus , subthalamic nuclei, and substantia nigria

Front 131

relay almost all motor output to the body

Back 131

basal nuclei

Front 132

helps coordinate motor movementq

Back 132

cerebellum

Front 133

deliver motor instructions from the brain to the spinal cord

Back 133

descending motor pathways

Front 134

two groups of motor pathways

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pyramidal and extrapyramidal

Front 135

corticospinal paths

Back 135

pyramidal motor pathways

Front 136

located in the primary motor cortex

Back 136

upper motor neurons

Front 137

located in either a nucleus of the brainstem or ventral horn of spinal cord

Back 137

lower motor neurons

Front 138

three divisions of corticospinal pathway

Back 138

corticobulbar tract, LCST, ACST

Front 139

skeletal muscles of the face, jaw

Back 139

corticobulbar tract

Front 140

decussate at the medullary pyramids

Back 140

LCST

Front 141

85% of CS

Back 141

LCST

Front 142

synapse on alpha motor neurons

Back 142

LCST

Front 143

decussate at the spinal cord

Back 143

ACST

Front 144

extrapyramidal motor pathways are ____ pathways and ____ pathways

Back 144

medial and lateral

Front 145

primarily control proximal limb and medial muscles of neck and trink

Back 145

medial pathways

Front 146

three divisions of medial pathways

Back 146

vestibulospinal tracts tectospinal tract reticulospinal tract

Front 147

CN8 and balance

Back 147

vestibulospinal tract

Front 148

move head quickley, sup and inf colluculos

Back 148

tectum

Front 149

retic form and reflex control

Back 149

reticulospinal tract

Front 150

extrapyramidal secondary control of muscle tone and movement

Back 150

lateral pathway

Front 151

main pathway of extrapyramidal motor pathways

Back 151

rubrospinal tract

Front 152

control of upper limb movement

Back 152

rubrospinal tract

Front 153

what dampens thalamic excitation of cortical nerves

Back 153

inhibitory inputs into the thalamus from the basal ganglia

Front 154

maintenance of muscle tone and gait

Back 154

cerebellum

Front 155

recieves sensory and motor input and coordinates and integrates

Back 155

cerebellum

Front 156

autosomal dominant disorder on chromosome 4

Back 156

huntingtons disease

Front 157

excessive _____ repeats in dna lead to huntingin protein accumulation

Back 157

cag