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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 4 general types of stimuli & examples of each. |
1. mechanical - touch, hearing, balance
2. thermal - hot / cold
3. electromagnetic - vision
4. chemical - taste, smell |
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Name the 5 general senses: |
1. visceral sensations 2. touch 3. temperature 4. pain 5. proprioception |
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Visceral sensations:
General or Special?
What is sensed?
What type of stimuli? |
General
chemical & mechanical |
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Touch:
General or Special?
What is sensed?
What type of stimuli? |
General
mechanical |
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Temperature
General or Special?
What is sensed?
What type of stimuli? |
General
thermal |
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Pain
General or Special?
What is sensed?
What type of stimuli? |
General
Intense stimuli of any type
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Proprioception
General or Special?
What is sensed?
What type of stimuli? |
General
Mechanical |
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Name the 5 Special Senses: |
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Taste
General or Special?
What is sensed?
What type of stimuli? |
Special
Tastes
Chemical |
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Smell
General or Special?
What is sensed?
What type of stimuli? |
Special
Odors
Chemical |
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Hearing
General or Special?
What is sensed?
What type of stimuli? |
Special
Sounds
Mechanical |
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Equilibrium
General or Special?
What is sensed?
What type of stimuli? |
Special
Mechanical |
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Vision
General or Special?
What is sensed?
What type of stimuli? |
Special
Light
Electromagnetic |
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Pain Process:
What is transduction? |
conversion of painful stimulus
into
nerve stimulus |
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Pain Process:
What is transmission? |
conduction of the nerve impulse
to the
spinal cord |
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Pain Process:
What does modulation do? |
Changes the sensory nerve impulse
(it can either AMPLIFY or SUPPRESS) |
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Pain Process:
What is perception? |
Conscious awareness of pain |
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During anesthesia, is the brain still being stimulated with pain? |
YES
the brain "holds" all that pain memory until the animal wakes up...
this is why we give pain meds and nerve blocks |
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List the 3 main parts of the ear: |
1. External ear
2. Middle ear
3. Inner ear |
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What does the external ear do? |
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What does the middle ear do? |
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What does the inner ear do? |
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Middle Ear:
What are ossicles & what do they do? |
Ossicles are small bones
They transmit sound from tympanic membrane to the cochlea
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What does the Eustachian tube connect?
What does the Eustachian tube do? |
connects middle ear cavity with pharynx
equalizes air pressure (on both sides of eardrum) |
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Name the 3 ossicles of the Middle Ear: |
1. Malleus
2. Incus
3. Stapes |
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Which ossicle is the outermost bone, attached to the tympanic membrane? |
malleus |
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Which ossicle is the middle bone? |
Incus |
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Which ossicle covers the oval window of the cochlea?
(the most medial ossicle) |
Stapes |
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What 2 things does the inner ear contain? |
1. cochlea - filled with endolymph fluid & lined with hairs
2. Organ of Corti - gets stimulated, lets us hear |
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How does hearing work? |
sound travels through external ear to eardrum ↓ sound waves cause ossicles to vibrate ↓ causes fluid around cochlear duct to vibrate ↓ stimulates hairs on organ of Corti ↓ generates nerve impulses that travel to BRAIN ↓ interpreted as sound |
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Equilibrium is a ______________ sense that maintains ___________ by keeping track of the position & movements of the _____________. |
mechanical
balance
head |
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How do the semicircular canals work? |
head moves, fluid lags behind ↓ movement of fluid bends hairs ↓ this generates nerve impulse to brain ↓ give info about motion of the head |
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Vestibule - where is it, what does it do, what can it affect in an animal? |
space at bottom of semicircular canals
hair cells (snowglobe effect)
can cause vertigo, which makes an animal not want to EAT |
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What are the 3 layers of the eyeball? |
1. Outer fibrous layer
2. Middle vascular layer
3. Inner nervous layer |
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What are the 3 parts of the outer fibrous layer of the eyeball? |
1. cornea (clear)
2. sclera (white)
3. limbus - junction of cornea & sclera |
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Does the cornea contain blood vessels? |
NO - this is why it takes so long to heal if it gets scratched
(but it would be like looking through a roadmap if it did contain blood vessels!) |
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What are the 4 components of the Middle Vascular Layer of the eyeball? |
1. Choroid coat
2. Iris
3. Ciliary body
4. Retina |
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Name 2 things that the choroid coat contains: |
1. pigment
2. blood vessels |
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What type of muscle is the iris? |
smooth muscle |
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If the pupil dilates, does it mean the animal can see? |
Not necessarily - pupil dilation is just a muscular reflex - it will happen regardless of whether the animal has vision or not |
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What 2 things does the retina contain that allow us to see? |
rods
cones |
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Rods allow us to see: |
black & white |
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Cones allow us to see: |
color |
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The _____________ _____________ has muscles that allow the lens shape to change to allow for _____________ and ____________ vision. |
ciliary body
near / far |
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The retina contains ___________ ______________ that allow us to see. |
sense receptors |
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What allows animals to have night vision? |
tapetum |
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What kind of humor is produced by the ciliary body? |
aqueous humor |
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Name a common affliction that damages the RETINA. |
glaucoma |
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The retina is full of what type of tissue? |
nervous tissue |
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What is the 3rd eyelid known as? |
nictitating membrane |
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Lacrimal gland note:
if an animal is given dye in its eye, where will that dye drain out? |
from the animal's nose
(due to the lacrimal gland) |
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Name the site where the nerve fibers on the inside surface of the retina converge & leave the eye to form the optic nerve |
optic disc |
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Rods & Cones are examples of what type of cells? |
photoreceptor cells
(neurons with modified dendrites) |
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Lacrimal gland produces & secretes ____________. |
tears |
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Name the 4 Rectus Muscles of the eyeball: |
1. Dorsal Rectus
2. Ventral Rectus
3. Medial Rectus
4. Lateral Rectus |
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Name the 2 Oblique Muscles of the eyeball: |
1. Dorsal Oblique
2. Ventral Oblique |
