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200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
commonly used technique to determine the age of organic matter
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radiocarbon dating
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Neanderthals were early members of the speices called
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Homo sapiens
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The family of 2-legged primates, including humans and pre-humans
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hominids
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Homo erectus were people who moved constantly in search of food called
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nomads
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The exchange of ideas when groups of people come in contact
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cultural diffusion
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Early river valley civilizations developed
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at different times and different parts of the world
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Animal were domesticated 1st
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during the Neolithic revoltion
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In contrast to other prehistoric caves, the Chauvet caves contained
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images of predatory and dangerous species
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In paleolithic societies, humans got food by
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hunting and gathering
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Donald Johanson's discovery of Lucy was significant because
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it was the most complete skeleton of a bipedal being found up to that time
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Australopithecus developed this physical trait
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opposable thumbs
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many historians believed tha twriting developed from record keeping of
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urban priests
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broze was an imprtant alloy b/c
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it was easily cast and had a sharp edge
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the fossil evidence preserved at Olduvai Gorge discoverd by the Leakys was
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a footprint
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Archeological evidence of social classes in early civilizations can be found in
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the physical layout of cities
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the fossil evidence preserved at Olduvai Gorge discoverd by the Leakys was
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a footprint
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Early sumerian creation myths were written on
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clay tablets
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Early farmers were able to produce more crops b/c
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they built masive irrigation projects
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Long distance trade was stimulated in early civilizzations by
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the search for new copper and tin
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an object made by humans
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artifact
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prehistoric caves in france
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Lascaux
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Catal Huyuk
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Neolithic village
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river valley in Iraq
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Euphrates
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skilled rafts worker
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artisan
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age
2 million BC - 12,000 BC |
Paleolothic age
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age
12,000 BC - 8,000 |
Mesolithic age
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age
8,000 BC - 5,000 BC |
Neolithic age
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species
2.5 - 1.5 million BC |
Homo habilis
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species
1.5 million - 200,000 BC |
Homo erectus
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species
200,000 - 35,000 BC |
Neanderthal
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species
40,000 - 8,000 BC |
Cro-Magnon
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maybe the oldest work of literature and it concerns the adventures of a legendary king
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The Epic of Gilgamesh
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period of Egyptin history
2700 BC - 2200 BC |
Old kingdom
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jackel headed Egyptian god of embalming
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Annubis
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A large political unit in which several territories are brought together under a single rular
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empire
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Evidence from Indus Valley ruins sugests thet the peole had many/few enimies
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few
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under Hammurabi's code punishment...
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varied depending on the class of the victim
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The 3 most powerful gods in ancient Egypt were
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Osiris, Isis, Horus
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By the time of the empire, Egyptin woman had the right
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to own property, divorce, and testify in court
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The excavations of the ancient Shang Dynasty cities show
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sharp devisions between social classes
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The tomb of Tutankhamen was hidden for centuries because
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the enterance had been covered over by workes bulding a later tomb
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This rular declared the desire to "prevent the power from oppressing the weak and to give my land fair decisions."
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Hammurabi
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The major technalogical advance of the Shang dynasty
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casting bronze
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One of the most remarkablr achievemnts of Indus river valley civilization
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plumbing and sewer system
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Less is known about the Harappans b/c
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we can't translate their written language
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At the end of the middle kingdom, Egypt was invaded by
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the Hyksos
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2 of the earliest chinese dynasties were
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Shang & Zhou
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Ancient chinese people believed the Mandate of Heaven gave their rulars
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divine authority to rule
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Durng the process of embalming, egyptian priests put organs
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in separte jars protected by the sons of Horus
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The Rosetta stone provided the key to understanding hieroglyphics b/c
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it was written in three languages including Greek
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Anyang
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Shang Dynasty capital
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Sargon
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1st empire builder
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Hatshepsut ruled during __ dynasty
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18th
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capital of Egypt's Middle Kingdim
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Thebes
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buried in the step pyramid
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Zoser
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largest city in the Indus Valley
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Mohenjo Daro
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The Israelite tribes were ruled by judicial and military leaders called
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judges
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This king continued his father's war against the Greeks
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Xerxes
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how King Darius came to power
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He siezed the throne with the support of a military elite
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The Aramaeans influenced other cultures most when they
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introduced them to their language
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how King Darius came to power
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He siezed the throne with the support of a military elite
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the first army to use iron weapons & spoke-wheeled chariots
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Hittites
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The Israelite king who set up a capital in Jeruselem
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David
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The Greek alphabet was based on the easy-to-learn, 22-character writing system of
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the Phoenicians
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The Chaldan capetal where Jews were taken into exile was
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Babylon
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The early Hebrews migrated from mesopotamia to settle in
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Canaan
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By 1200 BC the phoenicians had built
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a lose confederation of city-states
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The Assyriana earned a reputation for
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extreme cruelty
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around 1650 BC the Hittites established several city-states on a central plateau in
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Anatolia
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In 922 BC, the hebrews divided into 2 kingdoms b/c
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they resented the king's high taxes and forced labor
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Zoroaster taught that people had to
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choose between good and evil
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The Lydians replaced the barter system by
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using coins as a median of change
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The capture of Nineveh marked
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the end of the Assyrian Empire
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Portians of the bible were written in
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Aramaic
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Persepolis was built by
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Darius
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Hebrew's neighbors in Canaan
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Philistines & Phoenicians
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powerful phoenician city-state
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Carthage
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Abraham's agreement w/ Yahweh
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covenant
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provincial govenors of the Persian Empire
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satraps
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rular who released the Hebrews from captiviy
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Cyrus II
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trading peoples centered in Damascus
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Aramaeans
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successor to Moses
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Joshua
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king who built the Temple of God
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Solomon
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Hebrew's escape from Egypt
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exodus
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The first European civilization developed on the island of
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Creete
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Not long after the Trojan Wars, sea raiders called ______ overran the mainland & conquerd the Mycenaens
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Dorians
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By the 700s BC Greek kings lost power to
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aristocrats
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Greeks fought in this military formations called
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phalanx
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in 1898, Sir Arther Evans dicoverd the ruins of a civilization he called
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Minoan
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greek tyrant who developed the first legal system
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Draco
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The relationship between the greeks and their gods were unique b/c
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superir human cuold outwit & limit the gods
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citizens of the greek city-states were
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only free, greek-speaking males
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the political center of a city-state
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agora
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the Athenian tyrants changed athenian gov. by
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moving Athens closer to democracy
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Sparta was located on the Peninsula of
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Peloponnesus
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spartan slaves were called
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helots
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body of water that separates Greece from Persia
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Black sea
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greek goddess of wisdom & art
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Athena
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Mycenaeans were warlike b/c
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they built walled cities and produced bronze weapons
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Arther Evens believed he had uncoved a lost civilization when he found
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bronze weapons & evidence of walled cities
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1100 - 750 BC is called the "dark ages" b/c
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written language disapeared & people loat thei rskills
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minoan women had higher status than others b/c
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their religion had moer goddesses that gods
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Built aroun 353 BC in W Asia Monpr, this Wonder honored an official of the Persian Empire
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The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
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Designed by Kng Nebuchadnezar, an early description of this woner was written by Greek historian Heroditus
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Hanging Guardent of Babylon
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This wonder, created by the Greek artist Phidias in th 5th century BC & was 40 ft. tall
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the Statue of Zeus
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in 1994, a team of archeologists found evidence of this wonder in the water of Alexandria, Egypt
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Pharos Lighthouse
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This wonder, dedicated to the sun god Helios, collapsed in an earthquake 60 yrs after it was built
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Colossus of Rhodes
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the 1st battle of the persian war
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Marathon
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the author of Oedipus Rex, a greek tragity about a king doomed by the gods to kill his father & marry his mother
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Sophocles
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an alliance of city-states headed by athens
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Delian league
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temple built on th acropolis overlooking Athens to honor the goddess Athena
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parthenon
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as a result of the Peloponnesian War
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faith in democracy was weakened in Greece
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artist that created the 40 ft statue in the temple on the acropolis
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Phidias
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in the mountain pass of Thermopolae
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king Leonidus led the spartans against the persians
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in the earliest greek plays
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the lead character struggled against fate only to be doomed
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primary caude of the persin war
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athens sent ships to help the ionians rebel againt the persians
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How did Pericles appeal to both rich & poor in his speach
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he said that weath should be used for good perposes & poverty is not shameful if people work to avoid it
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the greeks defeated the persians @ marathon b/c
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the persians belived infantry wouldn't attack w/out support
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playwright that wrote the tragity of the Trojan War w/ sympathetic portrayals of women
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Euripides
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"No one, so long as he has it in him to be of service to the state, is kept in political obscurity b/c of poverty." author
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Pericles
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in 1806, Thomas Bruce, the Earl of Elgin
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sold Parthenon frieze & sculpture to the British
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in the Funeral Eration, Pericles explained & defended
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Athenian democracy
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greek culture reached it's hight in Athens after
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the persian war ended in 479 BC
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the tragic flaw of pride that lead to a hero's downfall
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hubris
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Athenian comander who defeated the persian fleet @ the battle of salamis
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Themistocles
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building on the acropolis famous for "the porch of the maidens"
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Erechtheum
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the artist who captured the ideal body in motion w/ his sculpture called "Discus Thrower"
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Myron
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Athenian authoer who was famous for comidies & social satire
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Aristophanies
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anciet greek storyteller who set 2 of his greatest epic poems during the Trojan war
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Homer
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Greek footsoldiers
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hoplites
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after Alexander the Great died, his general _________ sized control of Egypt
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Ptolemy
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one of the greatest Hellenistc engineers & inventors said that if he had a lever and a place to stand he could move the world
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Archimedes
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the early civilization that worshipped bulls and decorated their walls w/ colorful frescos
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Minoans
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Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, & Aristophanies were
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Athenian playwrights
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Heroditus is concidered the "father of history" b/c
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based his historical accounts on interviews and reliable sources
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Themistocles faced the persians in a naval battle @
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Salamis
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In his colected work called Politcs
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Aristotle stated that power should rest w/ the middle class
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After the battle of Plataea in 479 BC
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Pericles lead Athens into a "Golden Age"
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Ahtenian Tyrants (4)
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Darco, Solon, Peisistratus, Cleisthenes
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"only humans make history" by...
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Thucydides
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in The Republic the ideal gov. is described as one in which
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the most intellegent & best educated members from the ruling class
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The Illiad tells the story of the war between
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the Mycenaeans & the Trojans
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who was defeated by the greeks @ marathon
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Darius I
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who argued that the sun was bigger than the earth
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Aristarchus
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devised a medical code of ethics
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Hippocrates
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who created the sculptures in the parthenon
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Phidias
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who wrote the first geometry book
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Euclid
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father of Alexander the Great
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Phillip II
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Ides od March
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March 15, 44 BC
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most powerful legislative branch of the Roman Republic
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Senate
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1st Triumvirate
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Caesar, Crassus & Pompey
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who migrated from N Italy & gained control over Rome in 600s BC
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Etruscans
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Engarved in bronze, hung in the forum, formed the basis for all futere Roman law
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Twelve Tables
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Roman general who defeated Hanibal
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Publius Scipio
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persecutin of christians began w/ the rule of
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Nero
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Roman foot-soldiers were called
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legionaries
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the largest unit in the Roman military
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legion
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roman scholar who wrote a monumental history of Rome that glorified patriotism & the heroism of the early Romans
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Livy
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in 49 BC Julius Caesar began a civil war by
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crossing the Rubicon
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Roman Generals improved on Greek military tactics by
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having smaller, more mobile troops
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"So perish whoever else shall overleap my battlements." by
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Romulus
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after years of rule by kings, Romans declared their city a
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republic
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gracchi reform were intended primerily to
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provide land & economic relief for Rome's poor & unimployed
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the executive branch of the Roman repulic was headed by 2 patrician officials elected for 1-yr. terms
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consuls
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"there is a proverb, 'you have as many enemies as you have slaves.' But in truth, we make them our enimies. We abuse them as if they were beasts of burden." by
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Seneca
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in AD 72 @ the desert fortess of Masada
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Jewish zelots fought for independence against Rome
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the roman empire reache dit's gratrest size during the reign of
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Trajan
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Diocletian was able to slow disintegration of the Empire temporarily by
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forcing people to stay at their jobs
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in 31 BC Ocataviondefeated the combined forces of Anthony & Cleopatra @ the battle of
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Actium
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Diocletian was able to slow disintegration of the Empire temporarily by
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forcing people to stay at their jobs
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Why do some people believe that Christians started the great fir of Rome
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Raical Christians circulated text predicting that fire woud destroy the evil city
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Germanic tribes lived by
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raising cattle & farming small plots of land
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in AD 476
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Odoacer overthrew the emperor & declared himself king
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Germanic tribes lived by
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raising cattle & farming small plots of land
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author of the Annals
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Tacitus
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author of City of God
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Augustine
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leader of the visigoths
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Aleric
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rebuilt the pantheon
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Hadrian
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assasinated Julias Caesar
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Brutus & Cassius
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social classes
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Varnas
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duties
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dharma
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epic poem that tells the story of Rama & Sita
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Ramayana
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basic beliefs of Buddhism
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4 Noble Truths
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Buddhism's state of freedom from the cycle of rebirth
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nirvana
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differences between Buddhism & Hinduism
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varnas
rituals & sacrifices rejected brahmans 1 single founder of buddhism many gods of Hinduism |
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# gods in Hindu trinity
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Brahma, Vishnu, Siva
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Vedas written in
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Sanskrit
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dyansty during India's golden age
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Gupta
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Asoka's laws
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Rock Edicts
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2 branches of Buddhism
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Therevada 7 Mahayana
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"In death, thy glory in heaven, in victory, thy glory in earth. Arise therfere, Arjuna with thy soul ready to fight" by
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Krishna
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Buddha's name
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Siddhartha Guatama
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moksha is
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achieving unin w/ the eternal spirit
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jati were based on
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what you did for a living
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concept of zero & infinity developed during the reign of
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the Guptas
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Hinduism & Buddhism both share this blief about enlightenment
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most people can't achieve it in 1 lifetime
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Buddha began his search for truth after
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meditating under a fig tree
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warrier class
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kshatriyas
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janism has special emphsis on
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non-violence to all living things
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between 800 & 400 BC hindu scholars collected religios writings called
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Upanishads
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