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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ceramide Lipid
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An important lipid component of cell membranes
It is a sphingolipid (compound lipid) which lacks the phosphatidyl choline group |
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Lecithins
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A choline phospholipid (compound lipid)
Major part of the exterior portion of the lipid bilayer in cell membranes Associated with lipid exchange across the cell membrane |
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Cephalins
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Amino phospholipid (compound lipid)
Occupy the interior portion of the lipid bilayer in cell membranes Associated with phosphorylation reactions for protein interaction in the membrane, for ATP pumps in the membrane and can activate blood clotting |
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Derived Lipids
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Steroids
Lipid soluble vitamins - A,D, E, K Carotenoids - vitamin A is derived from beta carotene |
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Prostaglandins
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?
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Lipid
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Saturated Lipid - all single bonds
Unsaturated lipids - one or more double bonds between carbons Unsaturated fatty acids are twice as common as saturated fatty acids |
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Iodine Number
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The idoine number is the degree to which a fatty acid is unsaturated
It is the number of grams of iodine that will react with double bonds in 100 grams of fat or oil Higher iodin number = more double bonds (greater degree of unsaturation) Iodine number less than 70% are fats; greater than 70% are unsaturated (oils) |
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Protein Structure
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Primary
Secondary Tertiary Quarternary |
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Protein Structure
Primary |
Amino Acid Sequence
Configuration of the protein |
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Protein Structure
Secondary |
First Folding
Conformation of the configuration Relationship of amino acids near each other EX: alpha helix, beta pleated sheet |
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Protein Structure
Tertiary |
Second Folding
Interaction of distant amino acids |
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Protein Structure
Quarternary |
Complexing of at least 2 tertiary proteins
Usually there are 4 tertiary proteins held together by covalent bonds Ex: antibodies, hemoglobin |
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What is a peptide?
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?
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What is a dipeptide?
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2 amino acids
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What is a oligopeptide?
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3-10 amino acids
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What is a polypeptide?
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?
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What is a protein?
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Composed of oligopeptides in which the building blocks are amino acids. The entire structure is held together by covalent bonds and electrostatic forces
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Design of Structural Proteins
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Keratin - Alpha Helix - right handed
Collagen made up of tropocollagen - a helix which is not symmetrical Fibroin - beta pleated sheet |
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What are the components of amino acids?
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Contains an amine group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)
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What are the essential amino acids
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Not produced by the body
Methionine Threonine Histidine Arginine Lysine Valine Leucine Isoleucine Tryptophan Phenylalanine |
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Amphoteric Nature of Amino Acids
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If the ph is lower than the pK it creates a positive charge If the pH is higher than the pK it creates a negative charge |
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Conjugated Protein
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Composed of amino acids and non-protein compounds
Ex: hemoglobin, myoglobin, immunoglobulin |
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What is an Enzyme
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Biological Catalysts
Lower the activation energy of a reaction Highly specific Affected by pH and temperature Composed of a protein and nonprotein |
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Where are enzymes manufactured?
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?
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What types of proteins are enzymes?
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Conjugated proteins
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What significance do enzymes serve?
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They lower the activation energy required for a rection
They increase the rate of a reaction |
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What is an apoenzyme
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Protein portion of the enzyme
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What is a Coenzyme?
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The non-protein part of an enzyme
They are organic compounds Usually derived from vitamins |
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What is a Cofactor?
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It is the same as a coenzyme, but it is inorganic
Often a metal |
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What is a Holoenzyme
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The whole enzyme
It is the apoenzyme and coenzyme or cofactor |
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What are the components of a nucleotide
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Sugar - ribose or deoxyribose
Nitrogenous Base - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine (or uracil) Phosphate |
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Where are nucleotides found in the cell?
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In the nucleus |
