Semantics And Pragmatics Vocab

Front 1

Structural Semantics (165)

Back 1

The study of how the structure of sentences contributes to meaning in language.

Front 2

Anomalous utterance (166)

Back 2

Words in which the semantic properties do not match. E.g., "My toothbrush is pregnant," "My husband is a child."

Front 3

Contradictions (167)

Back 3

Utterances in which the semantic properties of one word are in direct opposition to those of another.

Front 4

Metaphors (167)

Back 4

Anomalous utterances in which two dissimilar items are symbolically considered similar.

Front 5

Oxymorons (167)

Back 5

Phrases that combine contradictory words.

Front 6

Idioms (167)

Back 6

Utterances in which there is a contradiction between meaning of the parts and the whole. E.g., sweetheart.

Front 7

pragmatics (170)

Back 7

the study of the effect of context on meaning.

Front 8

social meaning (170)

Back 8

the information in an utterance about the social identity of the speaker.

Front 9

code switching (170)

Back 9

deliberately changing from one manner or style of speaking to another.

Front 10

Affective meaning (170)

Back 10

the meaning that conveys the emotions of a speaker.

Front 11

the force of language (173)

Back 11

the power of language to affect and create the social world of the speaker.

Front 12

Speech acts (173)

Performative Sentences (173)

Back 12

Actions performed by an utterance.

Utterances that perform. E.g., "I do."

Front 13

hyponyms (159)

Back 13

More specific words that constitute a subclass of a more general word.

Front 14

synonyms (160)

Back 14

Words that have similar meanings and share the same semantic properties.

Front 15

paraphrase (160)

Back 15

Restate an utterance using synonyms for some of the original words.

Front 16

denotation (160)

Back 16

The referential meaning of a word or morpheme, often the first meaning listed in the dictionary.

Front 17

connotation (160)

Back 17

A shade of meaning for a word or morpheme.

Front 18

homonyms (162)

Back 18

Words that have different meanings but sound the same, can be spelled the same or varied ways.

Front 19

polysemous (162)

Back 19

Words that have more than one meaning.

Front 20

antonyms (163)

Back 20

Words that are opposite in one of their semantic properties.

Front 21

complementary pairs (163)

Back 21

Antonyms that express a binary relationship (ex. male and female)

Front 22

gradable pairs (163)

Back 22

Antonyms that are part of a larger set of related words and express the concept that one of them is more, whereas the other is less

Front 23

relational opposites (163)

Back 23

Antonyms that express a symmetrical relationship between 2 words, such as parent/child

Front 24

semantics (151)

Back 24

The study of the meaning of linguistic expressions, e.g., morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.

Front 25

lexical semantics (151)

Back 25

the semantics that deals with the meaning of words

Front 26

structural semantics (151)

Back 26

the semantics that deals with the meaning of utterances larger than words

Front 27

lexicon (151)

Back 27

the mental dictionary each person has that contains the definition of all the words that person knows.

Front 28

referent (151)

Back 28

The actual concrete item or concept to which a word refers.

Front 29

referential meaning (151)

Back 29

an utterance's description of the referent, action, or state of being a.k.a. its definition.

Front 30

sense (152)

Back 30

the extended meaning of a word or phrase that, in context, clarifies the referent.

Front 31

shifting referents (153)

Back 31

referents that are different for each speaker and each sentence. E.g., pronouns

Front 32

semantic properties (153)

Back 32

the elements of meaning that make up the lexical entry of the word in the speaker's mind.

Front 33

semantic domain (155)

Back 33

a set of words that share semantic properties (category))

Front 34

distinctive feature analysis (155)

Back 34

the process of analyzing the semantic properties of a word.

Front 35

Markedness (155)

Back 35

The concept that some words or morphemes are more common than others, and some in a semantic domain are more common.

Front 36

discourse analysis (174)

Back 36

The process of discovering the rules of discourse.

Front 37

new information (174)

Back 37

Information that the speaker believes is being introduced to the listener for the first time.

Front 38

Old (given) information (174)

Back 38

Information that the speaker has previously introduced or believes the listener knows.

Front 39

Deixis (175)

Back 39

words that shift reference, that change meaning according to the context and/or the speaker.

Front 40

Presupposition (176)

Back 40

The set of assumptions the speaker makes about the listener's knowledge or circumstances. These assumptions are necessary to make an utterance meaningful.

Front 41

Greeting rituals (177)

Back 41

a special kind of discourse that are not at all important for the information they convey, but are important for their social function.

Front 42

maxims of conversation (179)

Back 42

the cultural expectations that guide people when they are conversing.

Front 43

cooperation principle (179)

Back 43

the basis for the maxims of conversation, assumes each person is trying in good faith to communicate and understand.

Front 44

Four examples of maxims (180)

a. Quantity

b. Quality

c. Relevance

d. Manner

Back 44

a. the speaker will say neither more nor less than is required

b. the speaker will say only what they believe to be the truth.

c. the speaker will say only what is appropriate for the topic.

d. the speaker will be brief, concise, and clear.