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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is personality?
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- the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character
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What are enduring dispositional traits?
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-extraversion versus introversion
-independence versus dependence |
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What are characteristic adaptations?
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Situation specific and changeable ways in which people adapt to their roles and environments.
Motives, goals, plans, schemas, self-conceptions, stage-specific concerns and coping mechanisms. |
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What are narrative identities?
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-Unique and intergrative life stories that we construct about our past and futures
- identity and meaning to life |
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What's your self-concept?
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Your perception of your unique attributes and traits, whether positive or negative.
-What I am |
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What is self esteem?
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Overall evaluation of your worth as a person... either high or low. How good am I?
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What are three major theoretical perspectives on personality?
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-psychoanalytic theory
-trait theory -social learning theory |
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What is psychoanalytic theory?
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Freud!
-children progess through universal stages of psychosexual development -psychosexual growth viewed to end at adolescence - personality formed in the first 5 years of life! - anxieties arise from harsh parenting, overindulgence, traumatizing early experiences (the leave a permanent mark on personality, adult personality traits are linked to these experiences) |
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What did Erik Erikson come up with?
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-Different crises/challenges confronted at different stages of human development
-emphasis on social influences such as peers, teachers and culture -presence of a rational ego and ability to adapt - positive: potential for growth and overcoming harmful early personal experiences |
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What is trait theory?
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-psychometric approach
-personality a set of dispositional trait dimensions or continua... -social-----unsocial responsible---------irresponsible - NO STAGES OF PERSONALITY relatively enduring |
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How many personality trait dimensions are there?
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-disagreement among researchers and theorists
-consensus reached for five factor model |
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What are the five major personality dimensions?
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-openness to experience
-conscientiousness -extraversion -agreeableness -neuroticism (universal and influenced by genetics) |
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What did social learning theory say about personality? (Bandura and Mischel)
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-they reject the notion of universal stages of personality development and also reject the idea of enduring personality traits
-they believe that people change as their enviroments change -must look at social context -personality just set of behavioural tendencies shaped by interactions with other people |
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When do infants start to differentiate themselves from the world?
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in the first two or three months of life to six months
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What do they start to discover?
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-discover they can cause things to happen
-they can act upon other people and objects |
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What happens once a baby is over 6 months.
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They realize that they are separate from caregivers.
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What is joint attention?
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infants and caregivers share perceptual experiences by looking at the same object at the same time. in other words they know that self and others do not always share a perception.
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What happens post 18 months?
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-infants realise they are distinct inviduals
-notice themselves in mirror or photo -self-recogniton |
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What is the categorical self?
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Infants start to classify themselves into social categories based on age, sex and other visible categories
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What is the development of self-awareness rooted in?
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-cognitive development (mentally retarded children are slow to recognize themselves in a mirror)
-social interactions (secure attachments linked to earlier development of self awareness) |
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What is temperament?
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Early, genetically based tendencies to respond in predictable ways to events that serve as a the building blocks to personality
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What did Thomas and Chess do?
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They identified three temperamental categories bases on 9 dimension of infant behaviour (such as mood, feeding, sleeping, emotional reactions and adaptability)
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What are the three temperaments?
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-easy
-difficult -slow to warm up |
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What is an easy temperament?
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typically content and happy, open and adaptable, regular feeding and sleeping habits, can tolerate frustrations
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What is the difficult temperament?
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active, irritable, and irregular in their habits, slow to adapt cry frequently and loudly, tantrus
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What is a slow-to-warm up temperament?
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inactive, somewhat moody, moderately regular in routine,respond in mildly negative ways, eventually adjust to new things
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What kind of concept does a pre-schooler have?
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-concrete and phsycial self-concept
often describe their physical characteristics, possessions, physical activities and accomplishments very little mention of psychological traits or inner qualities -use terms like 'good' bad' mean to describe others |
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Around 8, how does self-concept become more sophisticated?
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-cognitive growth
-psychological and social qualities become prominent in description of the self -they begin by being able to describe their enduring qualities using personality trait terms like funny or smart -they start defining themselves as part of a social unit (i am a girl scout, i am a second grader) |
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What do school age children become capable of?
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Social comparison:
-believe they are the 'greatest' 'fastest' even in the face of compelling evidence that this is untrue -classroom has a role in developing awareness of social comparision -it is the stage of industry versus inferiority (ERIKSON) |
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What does preschool self-esteem consist of?
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Competence (cognitive and social)
Adequacy and acceptance (personal and social) |
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What are the 5 aspects of self worth that become differentiated during middle-childhood?
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1. Scholastic competence (feeling smart)
2. Social acceptance (feeling liked) 3. Behavioural conduct (staying out of trouble) 4. Athletic competence (good at sports) 5. Physical appearance (feeling good looking) |
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What things influence a child's self-esteem?
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-heritability
- experiences -competence -positive or negative social feedback -nature/nurture interaction |
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What is high self esteem correlated with?
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Good adjustment
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What is the self-concept of an adolescent?
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Becomes more psychological than physical.
Self portraits becomes more abstract than concrete They have a more differentiated self concept |
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Why can adolescence be painful?
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More self awareness and reflexivity
Thinking about the self Can often be painful Self-consciousness ---more realistic about strengths and weaknesses |
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What is Erikson's 5th stage?
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Identity vs. role confusion
-who am I -where am i going -what do i believe and value |
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What's the crisis in Erikson's 5 stage?
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The crisis in this stage involves working out a stable concept of oneself as a unique individual, and embracing ideologies or systems of value that provide a sense of direction
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What are Marcia's identity statuses?
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1. Diffusion (unconcerned and uncommitted)
2. Foreclosure (committed without a crisis) 3.. Moratorium (want to establish identity, searching) 4. Identity Achievement (successfully resolves crisis) |
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What is the ideal self and the real self. And how does it differ from childhood to adolescence.
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The gap between the ideal self and the real self widens during childhood and adolescence, but closes again later in life. This helps to maintain self esteem.
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What's the downward social comparison?
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Adults might select peers who are worse off than them in terms of health and functioning, and this helps them to feel good about themselves
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What's an individualistic culture?
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people define themselves primarily as individuals and put their own goals ahead of their social group's goals
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What's a collectivist culture?
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people define themselves in terms of group membership and the group goals enjoy priority over personal goals
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What are Erikson's 8 psychosocial stages?
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1. Trust versus mistrust
2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt 3. Initiative vs guilt 4. industry vs inferiority 5. identity vs role confusion 6. intimacy vs isolation 7. generativity vs stagnation 8. integrity vs despair |
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Explain the first stage 'trust vs mistrust'
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From birth to one year old.
Question 'Can I trust others?' Virtue: Hope |
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Explain second stage 'autonomy vs shame and doubt'
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1 to 3 year old
Question: Can I act on my own? Virtue: Will |
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Explain 3 stage. 'initative vs guilt'
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3 to 6 years
Question: Can I carry out my plans successfully? Virtue: purpose |
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Explain stage 4, 'industry versus inferiority'
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6-12 years old.
Q: AM I competent compared with others? Virtue: competence |
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Explain stage 5 'indentity vs role confusion'
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12-20 yr old
Q: Who am I? Virtue: fidelity |
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explain stage 6 'intimacy vs isolation'
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20-40yrs
Q: AM i ready for a relationship? Virtue: LOVE |
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What are successful marriages characterized by?
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-emotional closeness
-positive communication and problem solving -agreement on basic values and expectations -willingness to accept and support changes in partner |
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explain 7th stage 'generativity vs stagnation'
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40-65 yrs
Q: Have I left my mark? Virtue: care Community and society, people achieve generativity Making a positive difference, contribution |
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What areas are looked at in a midlife crisis.
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-Focus on mortality
-achievements evaluated -life's dreams -modest adjustments are common, but only a minority experience a true mid-life crisis |
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Explain 8. Integrity Vs Despair
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-65+
Has my life been meaningful Virtue: wisdom They review life and evaluate meaning. When all the other major life crises from earlier stages are resolved, integrity is achieved |
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What is adjustment to retirement influenced by?
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-health status
-financial stability -sense of control -workplace characteristics -leisure activites -social support -marital happiness |
