Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Genomes |
Chromosomes Genes (dna) Proteins |
|
|
Genome of E.coli |
Contains all genetic information |
|
|
DNA |
Double stranded nucleotide(polynucleotide) Thymine Deoxyribonucleic acid |
|
|
Hydrogen bonding of bases |
Complementary anti-parallel |
|
|
Genetics overview |
DNA replication gene expression recombination mutagenesis |
|
|
Origin of DNA replication |
Bidirectional forks |
|
|
Melted DNA |
Single-strand converted to double strand by DNA polymerase |
|
|
Replications both strands |
Semi conservative process |
|
|
DNA replication: initiation |
Origin of replication DNA polymerase(enzyme) |
|
|
DNA replication: elongation |
Hydrogen bonding first covalent bond of dNTP to strand Energy from dNTP |
|
|
DNA polynucleotide properties |
-Anti-parallel -directional -complementary phosphate backbone H bonding between two strands |
|
|
Expression of genes |
Transcription translation |
|
|
What is a gene |
Sequence of nucleotides of DNA that codes for a functional product |
|
|
What is gene expression |
When the functional product can be used by the cell |
|
|
How are genes expressed |
RNA is transcribed from DNA (transcription) protein is synthesized by ribosomes from MRNA |
|
|
RNA is made by? |
Transcription |
|
|
RNA |
Single-stranded nucleotides Uracil |
|
|
mRNA messenger |
Read by ribosomes contains codons |
|
|
rRNA ribosomal |
Used in ribosome structure |
|
|
tRNA transfer |
Interpreter molecule transfer amino acids(20) contain anti-codon 61 tRNA genes |
|
|
RNA transcription: initiation |
Begins at promoter Enzyme: RNA polymerase RNA polymerase binds to the promoter gene regulation |
|
|
RNA transcription: elongation |
DNA is copied to RNA RNA polymerase makes covalent bond energy from nucleotide triphosphates(NTP) |
|
|
RNA transcription: termination |
RNA polymerase stops at poly A RNA pol releases mRNA |
|
|
Genetic code |
Contained in MRNA universal Unambiguous redundant start AUG stop three codons 20 amino acids |
|
|
Codon (mRNA) binds A C A |
Anticodon (tRNA) U G U A-U G-C |
|
|
Translation initiation complex: initiation |
Subunits of ribosome (rRNA) mRNA tRNA |
|
|
Translation: elongation |
tRNA to codon by anti-codon Peptidyl transferase(enzyme) makes peptide bond Translation down the mRNA |
|
|
Translation: termination |
Stop codon release mRNA, protein,ribosomal subunits |
|
|
Transcription |
Translation coupled |
|
|
Gene regulation |
Promoter repressor -blocks transcription inducer -induces transcription (causes it to occur) |
|
|
Control of operon |
Promoter Genes lactose induces transcription of genes needed to metabolize it |
|
|
Enzyme induction |
Expression of enzyme in response to the presence of a specific substrate (lactose) |
|
|
Enzyme repression |
Block expression of enzyme in response to a signal |
|
|
Gene recombination |
Cause genetic change like mutation Transformation conjugation transduction |
|
|
Transformation |
Requires DNA only DNA absorbed by recipient
|
|
|
Plasmids |
Self replicating circular DNA carry genes R plasmids |
|
|
Conjugation |
Requires pilus, cell-to-cell contact, F factor |
|
|
Transduction |
Requires phage (bacteria called lysogen) |
|
|
Transporon or jumping Genes |
Mobile insertion sequences contains genes for removal and reintegration |
|
|
Mutagenesis |
Change in a DNA base sequence types: spontaneous mutation’s induced mutations |
|
|
Mutagenesis |
Change in a DNA base sequence Radiation or UV light types: spontaneous mutation’s induced mutations |
|
|
Spontaneous mutations |
Occur during DNA replication |
|
|
Nonsense mutation |
Leads to truncated protein |
|
|
PCR |
Is a way to amplify DNA |
|
|
PCR requirements |
DNA polymerase DNA primers DNTPs thermocycling(3 temperature changes) |
|
|
Reverse transcriptase PCR |
Detects RNA with reverse transcriptase then uses PCR to amplify DNA *used to detect viral load of HIV or H CV |
|
|
Endonucleases |
DNA enzymes |
|
|
Recombinant protein |
Cloned DNA used to generate protein |
|
|
Polyclonal site |
Plasmid will contain cloned Gene |
|
|
DNA profile |
Fingerprints -endonucleus-DNA -DNA fragments
|
