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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A Element is _____?
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-made up of one type of atom
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Examples of an element are____?
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Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Zinc, Iron
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A Atom is_____?
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-smallest unit of matter retaining the properties of the element
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The subatomic particle are____?
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proton mass = 1, +1 charge
neutron mass = 1, neutral electron no mass, -1 charge |
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The atomic number is____?
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the number of protons an atom contains. (determines the atom)
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Protons+Neutrons=
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atomic mass
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Isotopes are_____?
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atoms of an element with a different number of neutrons
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What are some uses we have for isotopes?
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-power production
-medicine (both diagnosis) and treatment -dating fossils -sterilization |
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Carbon 14 dating means
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C14 has a half -life of about 5,000 years
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Half-life means
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the time for one half of the isotopes to "decay"
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Molecules are______?
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two or more atoms bonded together
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Examples of Molecules are____?
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-N2, O2, H20, CO2, NaCl, C6H1206
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Compounds mean___?
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are two or more atoms from different elements bonded together
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Electrons determine what?
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bonding between atoms
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Atoms want to become what? which requires the right number of electrons
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"stable"
Which requires the right number of electrons |
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A "stable" configuration of electrons has______?
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-two electrons in the first orbital and eight in the next two orbitals
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Ionic bond forms when?
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there is a a complete transfer of one or more electrons (strong bond)
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Ions are what?
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charged particles
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Covalent bonds form when
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electrons are shared
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Hydrogen and oxygen covalently bond to form what?
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water molecules
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Hydrogen Bonding is what?
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-involves hydrogen atoms
-forms a weak bond |
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Water molecules stick to other water molecules because of what?
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hydrogen bonding
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What's neutral?
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0-14; 7
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What's acidic?
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Below 0
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What's basic?
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above 7
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Acid is a what?
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substance with free hydrogen
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Base is a what?
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substance with free hydroxal ions (OH-) in it
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What are some things that are acidic?
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-Black Coffee
-Tomato Juice -Grapefruit Juice - Lemon Juice -Battery Acid |
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What are some things that are neutral?
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-Pure water
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What are some things that are basic?
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-Oven Cleaner
-Household Bleach -Household Ammonia -Milk of Magnesia |
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Inorganic Molecules play what role?
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-the "building blocks" of organic molecules
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What are some examples of inorganic molecules?
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Water, Gases, Salts, and Minerals
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Organic Molecules are what?
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-made by living organisms
-contain alot of carbon atoms |
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Carbon needs to share how many electrons to become stable?
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four
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Each line around a carbon atom represents a pair of what?
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electrons
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What are the four groups of organic molecules?
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1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids 3. Protein 4. Nucleic Acids |
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What are carbohydrates?
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-a group of organic molecules with only the elements C, H, and O
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Examples of carbohydrates are?
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sugars, starches(bread, pasta, potatoes), glycogen and cellulose
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What are Monosaccharides?
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-"simple sugars"
-the most important one is glucose, C6H12O6 fructose (C6H1206) galactose(C6H1206) |
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Isomers are?
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different molecules with the same chemical formula
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Disaccharides are what?
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-(double sugars)
-made by combining two monosaccharides |
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glucose+fructose=
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(sucrose) - table sugar
(sugar cane, sugar beets) |
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glucose+glucose=
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(maltose) - produced by grains
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glucose+galactose=
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(lactose) - found in milk
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What are polysaccharides?
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(poly = many)
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Examples of polysaccharides are?
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starches, glycogen, and cellulose
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Starches have____?
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have many glucose molecules
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Glycogen is what____?
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"animal starch"
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Where do we store glycogen in our body?
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-Liver
-Muscle Cells |
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Cellulose is what?
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fiber or wood (uses beta bonds)
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Starches and glycogen use which bonds?
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alpha bonds and they are easy to break, which makes the glucoses available for food
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Bacteria and fungi produce what?
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enzymes that can digest cellulose
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Lipids are what?
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-organic molecules with only the elements C, H, and O
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Examples of lipids are___?
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fats, oils, waxes, and steroids
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To make one fat or oil molecule, a triglyceride, requires _______, and three fatty acid molecules.
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-one glycogen
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Fats are what?
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-come from animals and are saturated
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Oils are what?
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come from plants and are unsaturated
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Phospholipids molecules, used in membrane, are made by what?
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by replacing one fatty acid of a triglyceride with a phosphate group.
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Wax is?
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-made by plants to coat leaves
(reduces water loss) -we made ear wax for protection -bees make wax for honeycombs |
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Steroids are what?
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-ring compounds
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Example of steroids are?
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cholestrol, testosterone
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T/F Cholestrol is a fat.
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False
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Proteins are what?
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-organic molecules with the elements C, H,O, and N
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What group of organic molecules are most interesting and diverse?
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Proteins
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There are seven "classes" of proteins whar are they?
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1) structural - tendons, skin
2) contractile - muscles 3)storage - egg albumin 4) defense - antibodies 5) transport - hemoglobin 6) signal - certain hormones 7) enzymes - chemical catalysts |
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Every chemical reaction in our body or in a cell requires a specific what?
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enzyme
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Proteins are built from a set of how many different amino acids?
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20 different amino acids
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Only plants make what from scratch?
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amino acids
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What is a peptile bond?
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the bond between two amino acids
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What is a polypeptide?
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a long chain of amino acids bonded together
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A______becomes a ____ after it coils and folds and takes its finished 3D shape.
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1)polypeptide
2)protein |
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Hemoglobin is____?
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is a protein made of 4 polypeptide chains
(2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains) |
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What kind of structure does a hemoglobin have?
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quaternary
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Nucleic Acids are?
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-two types of DNA, RNA
-contain your genetic "blueprint" |
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Define macromolecule?
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a large molecule
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Define monomer?
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a "building block"
(glucose, amino acids) |
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What are polymers___?
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large molecules made by repeating monomers
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Define primary structure?
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order of amino acids
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Define secondary?
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folding
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Define tertiary?
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coiling
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Define quaternary?
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multiple proteins must fit together to make functional
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To bond two glucoses together what has to happen?
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water molecule has to be removed
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Dehydration mean?
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-removes water to build (synthesize) a larger molecule
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A_____ are built using dehydration reactions?
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organic polymers
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Enzymes play rwhat role?
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they help the two things get together to react
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For each reaction to happen there always have to be how many enzymes?
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one
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If it is stable it doesn't have to____?
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react
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What is hydrolysis reaction?
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breaks large molecules into smaller molecules and adds water(H+ and OH-)
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There are three hydrolysis reactions what is the first one?
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-breaks disaccharides and polysaccharides into monosaccharides
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Second reaction?
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-breaks triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
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Third reaction?
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-breaks proteins into A.A.s
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Uses of organic molecules are____?
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-Carbohydrates
-Lipids -Proteins -Nucleic Acids |
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Carbohydrates
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-quick energy, temporary storage, cell walls
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Lipids
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-long term storage (2x carbos.), membranes, waxes hormones
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Proteins
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-7 different users
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Nucleic Acids
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-genetics
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Honey bees do what?
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-pollination and sweetner
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In the Biosphere 2 there were how many people?
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-8 people (4 men, 4 women)
-Takes two year (9/26/91 - 9/26/93) |
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In the Biosphere there are what kind of animals?
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-3 nanny goats, 1 billy goat
-35 hens, 3 roosters -3 sows, 1 boar -tilapia fish |
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In biosphere 2 their average loss of body weight was what the first year?
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16%
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In the second year they regained more food, but how much food?
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They grew 1,000 lbs. more food
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They lost oxygen, but how much?
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21% to 14.5%
(like living at 13,400 ft. in elevation) |
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What are two important things from plants?
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-Oxygen
-Food |
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All pollinating______died.
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insects
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How big was there garden?
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1/2 acre
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How many natural biomes?
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six
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Biosphere 1 is what?
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the earth
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Microcosm means
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miniature world
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What does biotic <---> biotic mean?
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lion eating a zebra
frog flipping out his tongue bee polinated a flower |
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What does abiotic <--> abiotic mean?
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sunlight shining on a rock
rain making soil moist |
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What does abiotic <---> biotic mean?
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tornado knocking over a tree
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What does biotic <---> abiotic mean?
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ground squirrel digging in the ground
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The ecology of a cubic foot of soil is more complex than___?
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the entire ecology of the moon.
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Describe the ecology of biotic?
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moon - none
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Describe the ecology of abiotic?
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sun
rocks no wind |
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Food chains show the flow of what?
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energy
matter |
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In a natural ecosystem what happens?
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energy is not recycled
matter is recycled |
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A food web is more____and better describes a ____?
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diverse
ecosystem |
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What does diversity lead to?
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stability
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Why do farmers not like prarie dogs?
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Because they are a competitor because they like grass.
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ANWR mean?
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Artic National Wildlife Refuge
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Only____% of energy and matter make it to the next higher trophic level.
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10%
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What does biotic mean?
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living components of an ecoysystem (the plants and animals)
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What does abiotic mean?
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the nonliving components of an ecoysystem(air, water, rocks, minerals, temperature, sunglight, wind, etc) stuff thats never alive
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What does ecology mean?
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the study of interaction between all components of an ecosystem
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What does population mean?
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all of the individuals of one species, in a defined area
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What does ecosystem mean?
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a biological community and the physical (abiotic) components
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What does energy mean?
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light and heat are the two most common forms of energy
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What is matter?
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another name for atoms. elements, molecules, and compounds
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What is a producer (autotroph)?
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a plant. (organism capable of producing its own food through photosynthesis)
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What is a autotroph?
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(self-feeder) - a plant, meaning, they can make their own food
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What is a consumer (heterotroph)?
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an animal, (consumes food) can't make food, must find food (plants and animals) already made
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What is a heterotroph?
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(other-feeder) - an animals, must find their food, already made
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What is a trophic level?
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a "feeding" level.
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What is a herbivore?
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animals that eat plants (herb)
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What is a carnivore (1st, 2nd, 3rd) ?
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animals that eat other animals, nothing eats the "top predator"
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What is a omnivore?
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eats both plants and animals, (most humans)
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What is a decomposer?
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small to one celled organism that use dead plant and animal matter for food
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What are examples of decomposers?
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bacteria
fungi ants earthworms |
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What is detritus?
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(leaf litter) decaying organic matter on the surface of the ground or the bottom or a lake or pond
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What is humus?
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organic matter (bits of leaves and animals) that have been worked into the soil
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What is a niche?
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the role an organism plays in its ecosystem
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