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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biology
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is the scientific study of life (living organisms)
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Life
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is the set of common characteristics that distinguish living organisms from non-living matter, including such properties and processes as order, regulation, growth, and developement
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Biosphere
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is the global ecosystem; the entire portion of earth inhabited by life; all of life and where it lives
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5 Criteria to be a Living Organism
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-One or more cells
-Metabolize (use energy) -Respond to stimuli -Reproduce -Evolve (change over time) |
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Originally the Greeks put all organisms into what two kingdoms...
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Plant and Animal
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What is the new three domains..
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-Bacteria - prokaryotes
-Archaea - prokaryotes -Eukarya - Protista, plants, fungi and animals |
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What is Linnaeus..
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a taxonomist, put organisms into a series of categories (mid 1700s)
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Then comes Domain and then ..
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Species is
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a group of similar organisms that naturally reproduce fertile offspring
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Science is
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limited to things that can be observed and measured
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Scientific Method
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a process of inquiry
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Hypothesis
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tentative answer or explanation (educated guess)
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Experiment
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designed to test the hypothesis
A. One Variable B. Collect Data C. A control (used for comparison) |
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Conclusion
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either the data supports or refutes the hypothesis
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Theories
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are broader in scope and have lots of support
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Law
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can be used, applied in technology (doesn't need to be tested)
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Evolution
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change over time, resulting in organisms adapted
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How old is the earth?
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4.6 billion years old
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A glacier dipped into Nebraska just _______ years ago.
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10,000 - 12,000
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Nebraska Sandhills
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7,000-8,000 years old
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Are dinosaur fossils found in Nebraska?
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No, because Nebraska was under water.
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Stromatolite
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rock formed under water by blue-green algae
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Subtropical
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12 million years ago
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Ocean
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165 million years ago
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Glacier
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12,000-10,000
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Desert
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8,000-7,000
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Fossil
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a remnant of the past
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Living organisms must evolve because ______
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The earth is changing
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Darwin's 5 criteria for Evolution by Natural Selection is ______.
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1. Offspring Vary
2.Overproduction of offspring 3. Struggle for survival 4. Fit survive 5. Survivors get to reproduce |
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Cells
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basic unit of life and incredible structures
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Prokaryotic Cells
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-"first cells", primitive
- has no nucleus - and no membranous organelles - smaller in size (Domains) - Bacteria & Archaea |
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Eukaryotic Cells
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-"True" Cells (advanced)
-with a nucleus -with membranous organelles -larger in size (Domain) - Eukarya (plant, animals, fungi, protozoa) |
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All cells have what ____?
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-Membrane that is dynamic (changing)
-selectively permeable (pass through) |
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The basic structure of any membrane is ______?
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-Two layers of phospholipids
-embedded with proteins (proteins largely determine the activity of the membrane) |
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Proteins act as what ____?
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pores
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Nucleus is what ____?
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-control center (contains the DNA)
-bound by 2 membranes -large nuclear pores |
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Nucleolus is _____?
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-found inside the nucleus
-site of ribosome formation |
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Ribosome is _____?
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-site of protein synthesis
-a small organelle -not bound by a membrane |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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-made of membrane
-a "canal" system -transports, secretes and makes membrane |
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Rough ER has what ____?
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-with ribosomes
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Smooth ER doesn't have what_____but makes_____?
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1. ribosomes
2. lipids (fatty acids steroids, phospholipids) |
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What is the Golgi apparatus_____?
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-flattened membranous sacs
-receives, packages and secretes molecules |
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What is a lipoprotein?
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lipid+protein
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Ribosome makes what ____?
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protein
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Smooth ER makes what____?
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lipids
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What puts Smooth ER and Ribosomes together?
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Golgi
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Membranes do what ____?
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compartmentalize a cell and help to control reactions within the cell
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Mitochondria is ____?
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-"powerhouse" of the cell
-Two membranes - turns sugar into ATPs |
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ATP is ______?
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energy "currency" of the cell
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Chloroplast is _____?
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-found in plant cells
-site of photosynthesis -bound by two membranes -contain chlorophyll pigments |
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Plants make what________?
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sugar
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Lysosomes is what____?
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-membranous sacs
-contain digestive enzymes |
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Vacuoles is what__________?
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-membranous sacs of various functions
-central vacuole in plants -food and contractile vacuoles in protozonas |
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Cell Wall is___________?
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-found outside the membrane of plant cells
-made of cellulose(fiber) -gives the cell structure (not a barrier) |
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Endosymbiotic Theory
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-explains how the prokaryotic cell evolved into the eukaryotic cell
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts both contain their own what_____?
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DNA, RNA, and ribosomes
Both are bound by two membranes |
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Diffusion is ____?
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-the movement of ions or molecules from high to lower concentration
-a passive process(no energy required) |
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Equilibrium Movement has no more what___?
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net movement
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Osmosis plays what role____?
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-diffusion of water
-requires a barrier (normally a membrane) |
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Is it ok to put distilled water into the blood stream?
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No, because the capillaries would explode.
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Hypotonic is what____?
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-In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with the lower concentration of solutes
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Cytolysis means ______?
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bursting
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Plasmolysis means_____?
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the plasma membrane shrivels
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Isotonic means _____?
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same or equal concentration
(no change) |
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Fresh and salt water fish live in different ______?
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environments
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Turgor means______?
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-water pressure in a plant cell due to osmosis
(the cell becomes turgid) |
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Active Transport means ______?
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-uses energy because it moves material against the concentration gradient
Ex: Thyroid gland needs Iodine |
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Facilitated Diffusion
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-diffusion with help
-still a passive process |
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Surface Area v.s. ____?
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Volume
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Cells get larger and they have ______?
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less surface area
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Mitosis
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-regular cell division
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What is Mitosis used for_____?
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-growth
-repair or replacement -asexual reproduction |
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What cells divide continuously_____?
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-skin cells
-whole lining of intestines -blood cells -cheek cells -a stem cells(contain into other blood cells) |
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What cells never divide____?
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-Brain cells
-Muscle Cells(does not divide but grow) -Eye -Spinal Cord -Heart Muscle |
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Cells need a high ______?
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ratio of surface area to volume and thus must stay relatively small
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If you need to grow, the cells do what______?
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divide and grow back to their optimum size
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Before a cell can divide they must_____?
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copy all of its chromosomes
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Chromosomes -
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pieces of DNA
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How many chromosomes does a normal human have?
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46 chromosomes
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Interphase
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(not part of mitosis)
-cell is carrying on its normal activity -chromosome replication occurs during interphase |
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All chromosomes do what_____, and the cell must go into mitosis
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1. replicate
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What are the four phases of mitosis?
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1)Prophase
2)Metaphase 3)Anaphase 4)Telophase |
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Prophase is what______?
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-First phase of mitosis
-chromosomes become visible under a light microscope -nuclear membranes and nucleoli disappear -spindle fibers begin forming |
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Metaphase is what_____?
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-sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell, the "equator"
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Anaphase is_____?
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-sister chromatids pull apart and the chromosomes migrate to the "poles" (opposite ends of the cell)
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Telophase is ______?
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-nuclear membrane and nucleoli reappear
-chromosomes and spindles fibers disappear |
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Cytokinesis is _______?
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-dividing of the cytoplasm
-occurs during telophase |
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Interphase does____?
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grows and copies DNA
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Prokaryotic
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cells (bacteria and bluegreen algae
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Binary Fission
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divide by a process
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Meiosis
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-a reduction division
-used to make gametes(sperm, egg) -occurs only in reproductive organs (testes, ovaries) |
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Somatic cells play what role______?
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-they are diploid(2N) (cells contain pairs of chromosomes)
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Gametes are_____?
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-cells used in sexual reproduction, they are haploid(1N)
-one chromosome from each pair |
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Homologous
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-chromosomes alike in length, shape, and gene arrangement
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Meiosis
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chromosomes replicate during interphase
-includes two divisions |
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What are the two divisions called in Meiosis_____?
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Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2
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Prophase1
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homologous chromosomes synapse (come together) and form tetrads
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What occurs in Prophase 1______?
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while in tetrads, crossing-over occurs (pieces of chromosomes switch places)
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After crossing-over then what happens_______?
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the nucleus undergoes two divisions with no new changes in the chromosomes
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What is the end result of Meiosis?
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-haploid cells (gametes)
-new gene combinations in the chromosomes and eventually the offspring -Variation!! |
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What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis_______?
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In Mitosis it double once, divide once, and have (two identical cells)
In Meiosis it double once, (mix up the chromosomes), divide, divide, (variation in offspring) |
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Interphase
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grows and copies DNA
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Mitosis
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cell divides
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Prophase
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nuclear membrane dissolves, chromosomes appear
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Metaphase
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chromosomes line on equator
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Anaphase
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chromosomes move apart
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Telophase
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nucleus membrane reforms; chromosomes adn spindles disappear
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