Second History Exam

Front 1

When America became a New Nation, what was the problem it first faced?

Back 1

Unified nation or 13 separate states.

Front 2

What factors encouraged unity?

Back 2

English & lang. culture, all located along side Atlantic Coast, no hostility towards each other, and common effort against England.

Front 3

What factors encouraged separate states?

Back 3

People divided by states, lack of contact, states not dependent economically and states didn't face common enemy.

Front 4

What was a long lasting factor of the Revolution Era?

Back 4

Written Constitution

Front 5

What was the 1st task of the new government

Back 5

To create a new constitution

Front 6

What did the new constitution have?

Back 6

It coincided with colonial experience, had law & order, surrendered power, society gets together & agrees on the rules of gov. right to abolish natural right, and government lasted as long as it served the people.

Front 7

Why was there emphasis on decentralizing gov. power.

Back 7

Because of King George III, limit government power, and to protect individual rights.

Front 8

Who created the separation of powers and what where they?

Back 8

Virginia created the 3 branches of gov. which were the executive, judicial and legislative branch.

Front 9

Why was the Articles of confederation unsuccessful?

Back 9

Because it had a weak gov.

Front 10

What were the qualities of the Articles of Confederation that made it weak?

Back 10

Individual states took preference of interest, it had state sovereignty, it made it impossible to pass laws, no power to tax, no army, no commerce power, and no executive or judicial branch.

Front 11

What were the successful factors of the Articles of Confederation?

Back 11

Proposed Ordinance 1784, Land Ordinance 1785, & Northwest Ordinance 1787. Constitution adopted, slavery abolished, Bill of Rights and public education.

Front 12

Foreign Policy Problems

Back 12

British haven't left (creditors & property not refunded) and Spain controlled Mississippi river. Also had a weak military, congress could not enforce agreements on states / foreign advances.

Front 13

What were the English tactics?

Back 13

extended liberal credit terms, low price goods, trade imbalance, drained American currency, & merchants lost trade advantage.

Front 14

Economic Depression (1784-1787)

Back 14

Excessive amount of paper money, purchase power declines and price rises.

Front 15

Shay's Rebellion

Back 15

Farmers protest because of Massachusetts gov. heavy taxing and foreclosures.

Front 16

Who was Daniel Shay

Back 16

Led protest in Rebellion & planned to rob Arsenal to take over.

Front 17

Importance of Shay's Rebellion

Back 17

Exposed weak government & caused the national gov. to get revised and become stronger.

Front 18

Mount Vernon Conference

Back 18

Maryland/Virginia made tariffs & regulations on commerce/currency.

Front 19

Annapolis Conference

Back 19

Virginia legislature proposed all states & delegates to discuss trade/commerce. (5 states show up)

Front 20

Confederation Congress

Back 20

6 States appoint delegates & congress recommends a convention (ignores Annapolis)

Front 21

Philadelphia Convention

Back 21

11 States (except Rhode Island) show up, because of Shay's Rebellion.

Front 22

Who did not show up to the Philadelphia Convention?

Back 22

Jefferson & Adams / Thomas P. were in Europe. John J. / Patrick H. declined. Sam A / John H not appointed.

Front 23

What did Charles Beard do?

Back 23

Said that the rural area & the poor were underrepresented.

Front 24

What did Forrest McDonald do?

Back 24

Studied Delegates & how they voted. They were influenced by states and localities.

Front 25

What did Robert Brown do?

Back 25

Said that Beard was over stressing about class conflict after Revolution.

Front 26

Who did the Independence Hall choose to become the first president?

Back 26

Ben Franklin, but declined.

Front 27

Who was William Jackson

Back 27

Secretary

Front 28

What were the records of the convention?

Back 28

Only records were the notes from James Madison which were "The Papers of James Madison"

Front 29

Who presented the Virginia Plan

Back 29

Edmund Randolph presented plan under James Madison.

Front 30

What did the Virginia Plan have?

Back 30

A legislative, executive and judicial branch. Was able to negate laws that conflicted the constitution.

Front 31

What did the New Jersey Plan have?

Back 31

Leg. (states collect taxes & congress could act), ex. and judicial (acts supreme law).

Front 32

Connecticut Great Compromise

Back 32

House based on population. Equal representation. Bills start at house. Small states guaranteed Article V (no amendment can change equal representation)

Front 33

3/5 Compromise

Back 33

South wanted representation not taxation. 3/5 slave count.

Front 34

What did the Commerce/Slave Trade Compromise do?

Back 34

North central gov. control trade. South did not like. President negotiates treaty. Slave trade not prohibited for 20 years. Treaty approve 2/3 senate. 26 resolutions

Front 35

What did the Campaign Ratification do?

Back 35

Article VII went into effect (sent to state legislature)

Front 36

What did the Federalist think about the ratification?

Back 36

They favored it

Front 37

What did the anti-federalist think about the ratification

Back 37

They opposed it

Front 38

What were some criticisms about the ratification?

Back 38

No evidence of God. It was accepted/rejected without revision. Exceeded instructions. No undefined terms (monarch president). No Bill of Rights.

Front 39

What was the campaign of Virginia/New York?

Back 39

New nation would be weak if not ratified.

Front 40

What was the Virginia Convention?

Back 40

Patrick Henry led an opposition. James Madison debates with Patrick Henry

Front 41

NY Convention

Back 41

Alexander Hamilton persuaded James Madison/John J ti write essay that defends the constitution, which would be called (Federalist). Helped win support of the constitution. Bill of Rights was promised.

Front 42

The Convention was created and it had

Back 42

a democratic form gov. ,a federal system, separation of powers, checks and balances, electoral college, and a constitution written in general terms.

Front 43

What was the first election conflicted on?

Back 43

Personal desires

Front 44

Who was Vice President

Back 44

John Adams

Front 45

Who was Secretary of State?

Back 45

Thomas Jefferson

Front 46

Who was Secretary of Treasury

Back 46

Alexander Hamilton

Front 47

Who was Secretary of War?

Back 47

Henry Knox

Front 48

Who was Attorney General?

Back 48

Edmund Randolph

Front 49

Who was Postmaster General?

Back 49

Samuel Osgood

Front 50

What was the Legislative Organization

Back 50

Each house has its own rules and organized committees

Front 51

What was the Judicial Organization

Back 51

It had 13 district courts

Front 52

Who was the first Chief Justice?

Back 52

John Jay

Front 53

Bill of Rights

Back 53

Freedom of Speech/Religion, restrict personal seizure, protect self-incrimination, all power not given to government reserved to states.

Front 54

What did Hamilton do and create?

Back 54

Created Federal revenue and protected industries from competition

Front 55

What were the financial problems Hamilton faced?

Back 55

Debts with foreign countries, speculation everywhere, and commercial activity was disrupted.

Front 56

What did Alexander Hamilton promote?

Back 56

Private enterprise

Front 57

What were Hamilton's proposals?

Back 57

Report of Public Credit, Report on National Bank, Report subject manufactures, Establishing National Credit, and 40 new corporations.

Front 58

What were 1790's politics dominated by?

Back 58

Factions - temporary parties dealt with small problems

Front 59

Why were political parties created?

Back 59

Because of Hamilton/Jefferson split. Hamilton followers were Federalist (George Washington). Jefferson was democratic republican (James Madison).

Front 60

Who won the second election of the US

Back 60

George Washing (unanimously)

Front 61

What was the Whiskey Rebellion?

Back 61

It was a tax that affected farmers, which they refused to pay and had an armed resistance where Hamilton sent 15,000 troops.

Front 62

What did the Whiskey Rebellion do?

Back 62

Tested the constitution, national loyalties. Increased central gov. fear of becoming too powerful.

Front 63

French Revolution in America

Back 63

Americans support until the Reign of Terror. US did not get involved despite moral commitments to repay French and legal commitment (Treaty 1778).

Front 64

Neutrality Proclamation 1793

Back 64

George Washington (Neutral). Napoleon takes over France Hamilton pro-British Jefferson Pro-French

Front 65

"Citizen" Gentlemen's Affair

Back 65

Minister is enlisting Americans, Washington contacts French to recall Genet. Hamilton says Treaty of 1778 was with King Louis XVI

Front 66

What was Jay's Treaty

Back 66

Jay goes to London in response to the British stopping American trade, British forts in Northwest, policy keeps Indians hostile, failed to open west indies to American commerce, impressing American Sailors, Location Canada to be main border.

Front 67

Results of Jay's Treaty

Back 67

Mainly promises from Treaty of Paris. Minor power. Postpones conflicts.

Front 68

Pinckney's Treaty

Back 68

Spain recognized 31st parallel boundary of Florida. Restrain from Indians attacking US. US given navigation of Mississippi to New Orleans

Front 69

1794 Battle Fallen Timbers

Back 69

Indians defeated by General Mad Anthony Wade. Indians abandoned to claim land. New area to be settled.

Front 70

Land Act 1796

Back 70

Township divided & sold to settlers next township was for speculators. Minimum price 2$ per acre. Credit provisions provided.

Front 71

Farewell To Washington

Back 71

Received lots of attention from Historians. GW Opposed political parties & permanent alliances. Need only "temporary alliances"

Front 72

Election 1796

Back 72

Partisan basis. Federalist (John Adams & Thomas Paine) Democratic Republican (Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr) John Adams won.

Front 73

XYZ Affair

Back 73

French attack American ships. Charles P., John M, and Elbridge G. sent to negotiate. French demanded bribe-America refused. Federalist demanded War. Treaty 17798 doesn't exist. made Navy. America attacks French ships. Undeclared War.

Front 74

War Hysteria

Back 74

Federalist gain power (Democratic Republican) Pass 3 articles

Front 75

Naturalization Act

Back 75

Lengthened residency requirements 5 years to 14 years.

Front 76

Alien Enemies Act

Back 76

Power over aliens. If suspected arrested with no court.

Front 77

Sedition Act

Back 77

It was illegal to criticize government officials

Front 78

Virginia & Kentucky Resolution

Back 78

Madison & Jeff. States declare congressional act unconstitutional

Front 79

Franco American Convention

Back 79

Freed America from legal tides. No settlement on ship attacks and war was avoided.

Front 80

Federalist Accomplishments

Back 80

Set course new nation, Strong central gov., eco. policy, eco growth and development, stayed away from Europe, solved diplomatic issues with England.

Front 81

Reason why Federalist declined and collapsed

Back 81

Factionalism split on party (Hamilton & Adams) Unpopular acts. Rejected. Jefferson's government approach successful. Continuation never gained control of national gov.

Front 82

Election 1800

Back 82

Democratic Republicans nominated Jeff & Burr. Federalist nominated Adams & Charles Pinkney. Jefferson & Burr tied. Hamilton chose Jeff. Aaron becomes VP.

Front 83

Because of the election of 1800 what does congress adopt?

Back 83

12th Amendment - electoral college votes separately.

Front 84

Jefferson's ideas

Back 84

Provide a world example. Common man could be educated. Self Farmers backbone of America. Manufacturing and commerce not promoted. Individual Right important. Slavery was evil and will eventually end (had slaves)

Front 85

Jefferson's doings

Back 85

Restore American Rev. principles. frugal limited gov. reduce public debt. respect states rights. encourage agriculture. Limit role government in peoples lives. repeal taxes. cut military gov. expenses and fire federal tax collectors. Alien & sedition Acts expired Replace Federalist office holders with Republicans.

Front 86

Judiciary Act of 1801

Back 86

Create 16 Judge ships filled by Federalist

Front 87

The Midnight Judges were created by

Back 87

John Adams

Front 88

Who was sent to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase

Back 88

Robert Livingston & James Monroe

Front 89

Louisiana Purchase

Back 89

Napoleon offered to sell America for $15 million. Jefferson accepted despite constitution and made treaties. If not purchased other will. 13 new states.

Front 90

Lewis & Clark 1803

Back 90

Gathered geography, natural resources, wildlife and people.

Front 91

Who was Sacajawea

Back 91

Indian who helped Lewis and Clark expedition.

Front 92

What did Timothy Pickering attempt to do?

Back 92

Make a Northern Confederacy. New England, Jersey, York, and Canada to secede with British support. Important to control New York, Burr ran for governor but lost due to Hamilton's oppositions.

Front 93

Burr-Hamilton duel

Back 93

Because of personal attacks governor in New York. Hamilton missed but Burr didn't. Indicted for murder Burr fled to Georgia & South Carolina.

Front 94

Election of 1804

Back 94

Jefferson Wins

Front 95

What did John Randolph do?

Back 95

Led the rise of Conservatives, which opposed Jefferson.

Front 96

Yazoo Land Frauds of 1804

Back 96

Corrupt land grants, Jefferson proposed compromise and was criticized by Randolph. Settled by Fletcher V. Peck.

Front 97

Aaron Burr Conspiracy

Back 97

Scheme with James Wilkinson. Incited French settlers, Burr was caught and tried for treason found guilty. Chief Justice Marshall discredit Jefferson and acquitted Burr.

Front 98

War Britain & France

Back 98

British impressed Sailors & attacked American ships (Chesapeake in US waters)

Front 99

Embargo 1807

Back 99

To avoid war Jefferson imposed embargo foreign trade, which violates individual liberties and states rights. Brought economic depression in the US.

Front 100

Jefferson's legacy

Back 100

Influenced policies next 2 administrations, education primary, intellectual interests were universal, early american excellence.

Front 101

What did the colonist think about the law?

Back 101

Courts were used for oppression or economic penalty, while courts that provided justice were supported.

Front 102

Constitution congress

Back 102

"supreme law of land"

Front 103

Judiciary Act of 1789

Back 103

Supreme court was the final court

Front 104

Alien & Sedition Acts

Back 104

Revealed Judicial weakness

Front 105

Chisholm V Georgia

Back 105

Anyone could sue a state in federal court. This led to the 11th amendment

Front 106

11th Amendment

Back 106

Federal court cannot hear individual against other states.

Front 107

Judiciary Acts if 1801

Back 107

Federalist created 16 new federal judgeship's appointed by Adams "midnight judges"

Front 108

Republican Reprisals

Back 108

Repealed Judiciary Act 1801

Front 109

Impeached

Back 109

District John Pickering of New Hamp. is convicted. Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase acquitted due to lack of evidence- saved federal judiciary.

Front 110

Who was John Marshall

Back 110

A Virginia federalist appointed by Adams. Chief Justice, which plays an influential role in American History.

Front 111

Marbury V Madison

Back 111

Marbury sued because of appointment of "midnight judges" Congress couldn't give power to SC under Judiciary Act 1789 1st time SC ruled act of congress unconstitutional. Supreme court had right for a judicial review.

Front 112

Judicial Review

Back 112

Power to decide constitutionality of laws. Major power

Front 113

Fletcher V Peck

Back 113

Yazoo land fraud involved SC ruled Georgia could not abrogate valid contract. rule constitution of state laws.

Front 114

McCulloch V Maryland

Back 114

McCulloch sued for not paying tax issuing bank not. States can't tax federal gov.

Front 115

Dartmouth College V Wooward

Back 115

Woodward treasurer of college. Original charter of college by King England not contract. Charter was a contract. States can't impair contractual obligations used judicial review against state laws.

Front 116

Gibbons V Ogden

Back 116

SC ruled in favor of Gibbons. Federal government regulated interstate commerce.

Front 117

Long term effects of Marshall Court

Back 117

Implied powers of congress supported. National dominance established over state,regional and sector domain. Supreme court to be broadened by future decisions. Judicial Branch made equal to legislative and executive branch.

Front 118

Christianity rarely enjoyed a stable footing in America

Back 118

Most groups were anti authoritarian. Church of England indifferent to colonial religion. GA revived anti-authoritarian ideas.

Front 119

How did the revolution cost religious groups

Back 119

Anglicans fled the country. fighting interfered. state gov separates churches. constitution forbade federal support

Front 120

As Christianity decreased, unusual substitute increased

Back 120

Deists skeptical, Unitarianism offered alternative to New England, who disagreed with revivalism, Freemasonry offered, secular ritual to alternative religion.

Front 121

Christianity grew because

Back 121

revivals proved to be vigorous of renewing christian conversion, virtue republican vital to republican optimist future with religion optimistic next world