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239 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Sculptures are what two things? |
-Less personal, more public -serve many different functions in many different places |
think back to Ch. 2, Part 1 notes. First bullet |
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What are the three uses for Sculptures? |
-serve as an icon -mark a grave -artifacts of civilizations |
they all mean something to someone, somewhere, at some point in time |
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What is a sculpture? |
3-dimensional art that is lifelike and is non-repsentational |
opposite of 2D art |
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What is the oldest sculpture? |
"Venus of Hohlefels" in 40,000 to 35,000 BC |
Similar to Venus Sculptures |
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Who carved the David and when? |
Donatello, 1430 |
Ninja Turtle during the Renaissance period |
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What are the 3 Types of Sculptures? |
-Full Round -Relief (High and Low) -Linear |
Similar to types of 2D art
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What are Full Round Sculptures? |
Sculptures that can be viewed from any angle, but cannot stand on it's own if the top is too much for the base to hold |
Non freestanding |
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What are Relief Sculptures |
Work that is attached to its background, but can only be viewed from one side. |
Sculptures coming out of walls |
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What are Linear Sculptures? |
Thin, elongated sculptures made out of wire or tubing. |
Only one that is usually paired with Full Round |
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Who is Alexander Calder? |
He was the one to find out how to make a moving sculpture |
Weird moving fish thingy video from Lecture #9 (9/17/2014) |
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When did Michelangelo Buonarroti live? |
1475 to 1564 |
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Who was Michelangelo? |
Sculptor, painter, and architect in the Renaissance period. Lived in Florence under the Medici Family |
"Pieta", "Judgement Day" and one more |
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Who was Michelangelo's rival |
Leonardo Da Vinci |
Who was getting credit for the Pieta? |
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What was Michelangelo's First sculpture? |
"Madonna of the Stairs" in 1440 |
famous movie star of something that you use to get to the second level of your house. Year is the square of twelve with a zero at the end. |
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Why are sculptures more "practical"? |
They concern itself with very practical concerns. |
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"Metalmorphosis" by David Cerny, Impractical Sculpture |
It is in Charlotte, NC |
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"Charles La Trobe Statue" by Charles Robbs, Impractical |
Same as Metalmorphosis |
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What is the Subtraction Method? |
an artist begins with a large block of wood or stone, and cuts away unwanted material to create sculpture. |
Spongebob when in Squidward's art class |
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Substitution method |
Also called casting. Artist makes an exact model of the sculpture, that is then covered with a negative (plaster of Paris) to create a mold. Molten metal is then poured in and left to cool to make the sculpture |
"The Thinker" has eight exact versions due to this. |
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What is the Construction Method? |
an artist starts with a small amount of raw material and keeps adding elements to create the work. |
Think of building a house |
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What is the Manipulation Method? |
When an artist uses a wax or clay material and molds it into its final form |
uses things like playdough and other similar things. |
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What three types of stones are used in creating sculptures? |
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic |
Think about science class |
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"Awakening Muse" David Lawler, 2006 |
this is made out of Limestone |
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"Samson Slaying a Philistine" by Giambologna, 1567 |
Metamorphic rock |
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"Mount Rushmore" by Gutzon Borglum, 1941 |
Igneous Rock |
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Name the four elements to sculpture |
Mass (space), line and Form, color, and Texture |
Much like 2D elements |
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The thinker
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Created by Rodin using a mold and substitution method.
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U of L has one
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What is Mass? |
Mass is the space of a sculpture. It is in the literal sense, unlike how it is only relative in paintings |
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What is Line and Form? |
Directs our eyes either to other parts of the sculpture (Closed), or off into the distance (Open). |
Think of "Three Solders" and how our eyes follow the sculpture |
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"Man Pointing" by Alberto Giacometti, 1947 |
This is an Open Sculpture |
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"Spoonbridge and Cherry" by Claes Oldenburg, 1988 |
This is a Closed Sculpture |
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How is color important to Sculpture? |
It depends on what the sculpture is for, or the materials that are chosen for the sculpture |
Think of "The Thinker" outside of UofL and how it is now green. |
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"The Tourist II" by Duane Hanson, 1988 |
He specialized in making realistic people sculptures |
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"Housepainter" by Duane Hanson, 1984 |
Same artist as "The Tourist II" |
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What is Texture in a sculpture? |
A physical representation of how rough or smooth a piece of art is. |
in 2D, we can only imagine the texture of something |
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When and Where did Bernini live? |
1598-1682; Naples, Italy |
This was the Baroque period |
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How did Bernini Sculpt his work? |
He would mold the model of the work, then have his apprentices sculpt the final product |
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What was Bernini best known for? |
The emotional expressions found in his work |
Example of this was when he was burning his arm to get the right facial structure for a piece |
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"The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa" by Bernini, 1652 |
Why Bernini is "a badass" |
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"The Martyrdom of St. Lawrence" by Bernini, 1617 |
St. Lawrence said "Turn me over, I'm done on this side." |
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"The Rape of Persephone" by Bernini, 1622 |
One of the most realistic sculptures out there |
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What are the two principles of Sculpture? |
Proportion and Repetition |
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What is Proportion? |
The relationship of shapes to each other. |
How big one shape is compared to another shape |
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"West Portal" at Notre Dame de Chartres |
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What other eras have their own style besides the Gothic era? |
Baroque and Renaissance |
Ninja Turtles were from these eras |
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What is a Gargoyle? |
A statue that is supposed to represent demons. Gets name from the sound of the water spewing out if its mouth |
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What is a Grotesque? |
A statue that is supposed to represent a demon, but NO water comes out of the mouth. It is a regular statue |
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What are the purposes of Gargoyles and Grotesques? |
They are to teach biblical lessons that are straight forward. |
These were mainly used for people who could not read. |
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"Ceremonial Burial Guard of Emperor QinShi Huang" 221BC |
This is an example of Repetition |
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"Melody" by Bill Mack, 2011 |
This is High Relief |
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What are the other factors of Sculptures? |
Articulation, Focal Area, Ephemeral, Environmental, Interactivity |
Not Proportion or Repetition |
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"American Gothic" by Grant Wood in 1930 |
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What are conventions? |
a set of rules or mutually accepted conditions |
art is based upon this |
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What are the two main fields of thought for art? |
1. must have some purpose to it 2. simply for the sake of itself. |
one doesn't have a valid arguement |
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What are the genres and purposes of art? |
serious, very profound, highly sacred, very light, humorous, and self-serving |
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What is art? |
a representation of something else |
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what is an artifact? |
anything made or used by people. a product of a particular time and place |
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What are the concerns of art? |
to make something and to craft something |
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"Pieta" by Michelangelo, 1496 |
People kept giving credit to Da Vinci on accident |
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What is Aesthetic Communication? |
created by the ancient Greeks, means "Sense Perception." |
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Plato's saw art as...... |
imitation and beauty as the expression of universal quality. |
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What were aesthetics to the Greeks all about? |
It was all about perception |
Beauty lies in the eye if the beholder |
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What are symbols? |
a tangible emblem of something abstract; a mundane object evoking on an abstract thought |
carries deeper, wider meanings |
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What can symbols do? |
Symbols can change over time in both shape and meaning |
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What are some understandings of art's purpose? |
-to provide a record -Give visible or other form to feelings -reveal metaphysical or spiritual truths -Help people see the world in new or innovative ways |
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Functions of Art |
-Enjoyment -Political / Social Commentary -Therapy -Artifacts |
cam also be used in rituals |
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What are rituals? |
patterned forms of behaviors that have to do with the supernatural realm. |
Many are the enactment of beliefs expressed in the myth and docterine. |
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What are the four questions we ask when examining art? |
1) What is it? 2) How is it put together? 3) How does it stimulate our senses and why? 4)hat does the artwork mean? |
All except question four are used in every other aspect of art. |
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What are the three main characteristics in paintings? |
line, pallet (color), and brush stroke |
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" A View Near Volterra", Jean-Baptiste-Camielle, 1838 |
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"Gunernica", Picasso, 1937 |
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"Girl Before a Mirror", Picasso, 1932 |
A profile was done on him |
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What are the approaches to criticism? |
-what is it? -what does it do? -what is it worth? |
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What are the two fields to criticicsm? |
Formal and contextual |
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What is Formal Criticism? |
just analyzing what is in the frame and nothing else |
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What is Contextual Criticism? |
analyzing what is in the frame, plus what is going on in the artist's life at the time. |
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Where and when was Picasso born? Died? |
Malaga, Spain; 1881 (Born) New York; 1973 (Died) |
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How did Picasso develop his style? |
He went through many periods |
"Blue___" "Rose___" etc. |
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What was Picasso known as? |
The father of cubism |
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What was Picasso's Blue Period due to? |
Possibly due to a friend's suicide, being homeless, and no money for food. |
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What was Picasso's Rose Period due to? |
Things starting to look better for him, such as finding a job, a place to live, and being able to afford food. |
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What did Picasso's "African Period" do? |
Started showing his cubism technique |
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"The Young Ladies of Avignon", Picasso, 1907 |
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"The Mandolin", Picasso, 1911 |
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What is 2 Dimensional art? |
a two dimensional representation of something three dimensional |
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Why would an artist chose a 2D medium? |
Memories, transportable, capturing the moment, expression, and telling a story |
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"Sea of Tranquility", Neil Armstrong, 1969 |
This is to capture the moment |
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"Scream", Edvard Munch, 1893 |
this is to show expression |
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"Action Comics #1", Joe Shuster, 1938 |
This is to tell a story |
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How is 2D art put together? |
In pictures, many different mediums are discussed because there are many different ways to create a picture |
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What is a medium? |
a specific king of artistic technique or means to create them |
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What are the two types of mediums in art? |
Dry medium and liquid mediums |
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What are the four dry mediums? |
chalk, charcol, pastel, and graphite |
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"Prudence", Cherubino Alterti, c. 1601 |
this is chalk |
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What is charcol and how is it used? |
it is a burnt wood product, that is often used to outline before painting a fresco. It is able to make many shades, but it smudges easily. |
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"Study for Nude Hexagonal Quilt", Gorge Bellows, c. 1924 |
This is charcol |
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What is a pastel? |
A greasy substance that is almost a combination of chalk and charcol. |
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"Monroe County House with Yellow Datura", Beverly Buchman, 1994 |
This is pastel |
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What is Graphite? |
lead (such as pencil lead). The higher the number of lead, the lighter mark it will make. |
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What are the two liquid mediums? |
Pen and Ink, Wash and Brush |
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What is Pen and Ink? |
a jar of ink with a pen that absorbs ink, and used on paper. |
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"Lot and His Family Leaving Sodom", Rembrant, c. 1562 |
This is Pen and Ink |
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What is Wash and Brush? |
diluted ink in water and is brushed onto paper |
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"Lotus", Zhu Da, c. 1705 |
This is Wash and Brush |
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What are the six types of painting mediums? |
oils, watercolor, gouache, tempra, acrylics, and fresco |
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What are oils? |
ground rocks with poppy seed oils. It is popular because of the wide variety of possible things they offer |
This dries slowly |
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"Starry Night Over the Rhone", Van Gogh, 1888 |
This is oil |
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"Holy Family with Saint John", Giovanni Battista Wanni, 1630-1660 |
This is oil |
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What was the revolutionizing invention of the nineteenth century? |
Tube Paint; it made painting more mobile, easier, and more advanced. |
This could have started the impressionist movement |
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What is water color? |
color suspended in water to use on paper, can be mixed, but not completely. |
Can make "bad colors" |
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What is Gouche? |
A gum paste added to ground opaque colors mixed with water. Can be given a fuzzy effect when mixed with Chinese White |
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"Une Premiere", Anders Zorn, 1888 |
This is gouche with Chinese White |
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What is Tempra? |
Berries mixed with egg to make stickey |
Also known as egg tempra |
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"Annunciation", Fra Angelico, c. 1450 |
This is Tempra |
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What are acrylics? |
A 100% modern medium that can be dissolved in water. They offer a wide range of possibilities in both color and technique. It is resistant to cracking |
They can be opaque or transparent |
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"Isla Siemple En Espera", Jose Bedia, 2008 |
This is acrylic |
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What is a Fresco? |
A wall painting technique. Paint is added to wet plaster, and then becomes part of the wall. Very difficult process due to no changes or movement |
This gets dirty easily, but it has a long life span. |
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"Judgement Day", Michelangelo, 1535 to 1541 |
This is a Fresco on the Sistine Chapel |
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What is a mixed Media? |
Any art form that uses 2 or more different media to create one piece of art. |
Tattoos are considered part of this |
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"Sit Tight, Take Hold", Derek Gores, 2011 |
This is mixed media |
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How are Tattoos considered mixed media? |
It is a type of scar that is ink embedded into the dermis of the skin to change the pigment of the skin. Pigment is left when skin heals. |
Commonly used by the egyptians (ex. predynastic remale) |
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Who is Otzi? |
The first possible person to have tattoos. Tattoos on neck, knuckels, and knees |
Born in 3200 BC and found in Austrian Boarder of Alps. |
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What are prints? |
Used to make multiple copies of the same exact thing. |
Less expensive, more accessible, less valuable than an actual painting. |
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What must every print have? |
Must have a run number and issue number to tell how many other copies there are. |
many artists left off one of these, but had to keep the other. |
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What must happen to a print plate after the run is fulfilled? |
The print plate must be destroyed. |
It cannot be used again. |
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What are the tree categories of print? |
relief, intaglio, and planographic |
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What is relief printing? |
wood cuts and wood engravings |
Both cut into wood |
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What is a wood cut? |
Utilizes the plank of the wood. |
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"Relativity", Charles Escher, 1953 |
This is a wood cut. |
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What is a wood engraving? |
Cuts into the butt of the wood |
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"Maple Leaves at Mama", Ando Hiroshige, c. 1852 |
This is a wood engraving |
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What is an Intaglio? |
The opposite of relief printing, uses metal plates. |
Uses metal plates |
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What are the four times of intaglio printing? |
line engraving, etching, dry point, and aquatint |
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What is line engraving? |
carving lines into metal plates |
Thought of as to be the most difficult |
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"Angel with the Key to the Bottomless Pit", Albrecht Durer, 1498 |
This is a line engraving |
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What is line etching? |
the metal is covered in ground, then dipped in an acid bath after carved. The longer it is in the acid, the darker the color. |
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"Aus dem Park Chigi", Johann Wilhelm, c. 1850 |
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What is Dry Point? |
a scratched image onto a metal plate (a burr) |
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What is Aquatint? |
fixed metal resin on a plate, then melted to give color |
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"The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters", Francisco de Goya, c. 1797 |
this is aquatint |
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What is the Planographic process? |
The use of a lithograph (stone writing), gives a wobbly effect |
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"Cradling Wheat", Thomas Hart Benton, 1938 |
This is created by the Planographic process |
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Who invented the Camera? |
William Henry Fox Talbot, 1839 |
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Who is Ansel Adams? |
American photographer; known for pictures of the American West (most Yosemite); developed Zone Technique |
"The negative is comparable to the composer;s score and the print to its performance. Each performance differs in subtle ways." |
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Who discovered the basic principles of photography? |
Ancient Greeks |
practically discovered everything |
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Who took the First photograph ever? When? |
Joesph Niepce, 1826 |
No one could tell what it was |
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"Barbershop Mirror", Nancy McIntyre, 1976 |
This is actually three pictures in one |
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"Cincinnati", Charles Fontayne and William Porter, 1842 |
First American Photograph ever |
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"Ribbon" by James Clerk Maxwell, 1861 |
First color photo ever |
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"Moon and Half Dome", Ansel Adams, 1960 |
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What happened with the invention of the digital camera? |
Photos could be edited like never before |
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"Neon Lily", Cecil Herring, 2011 |
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What is Post Impressionism? |
The rejection of the objective naturalism of impressionism. Uses form and color in more personal ways |
More natural quality in this type of art |
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"The Bar at the Folies Bergere", Manet, 1882 |
Impressionist paiting |
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What was Post Impressionism all about? |
It was all about the feeling at the time. It was more concerned with over all feeling of work, rather than how it looked. |
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"Wheat Field with Cypress", Van Gogh, 1889 |
He eventually killed himself in a field like this. |
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What is the one main concern with pictures? |
It is the composition of the picture itself |
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What is composition? |
Composition is the breaking down what actually makes the picture. |
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What are the five elements to composition? |
line, form, color, mass, texture |
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What are the four principles to composition? |
repetition, balance, unity, focal area |
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What is line? |
Defines form; linear form where length dominates width; color edge; an implication of movement |
This is an element to composition |
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"Composition", Joan Miro, 1933 |
This is line as a color edge |
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"Starry Night", Van Gogh, 1889 |
This is line as an implication of movement |
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What is form? |
the shape of the object that constitutes its form |
This is an element to composition |
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What is color? |
color is a combination of hue (distinguishing one color from another), value (darkness to lightness), and intensity (the purity of the color) |
This is an element to composition |
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"Egg Chioroscuro", Rebecca Schoonmaker |
This is an example of value in color |
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What is Mass? |
an implication, the relation to the other objects within the same composition. |
This is an element to composition |
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"Times Square" Kurt Wenner, 2007 |
This is an example of mass |
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What is texture? |
How rough or smooth an object looks. |
This is an element to composition |
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"Abstract Texture Painting", Windows 7 Background |
This is texture |
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What is repetition? |
repeating objects: rhythm, harmony, and variation |
This is a principle to composition |
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What is rhythm? |
patterns contained within the picture |
this is part of repetition |
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"Drawing Hands", MC Escher, 1989 |
this is rhythm |
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What is harmony? |
how much sense does the repetition make |
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what is variation? |
how like objects are different from each other |
ex. apple trees |
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"Sky and Water 1", MC Escher, 1938 |
this is variation |
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What is balance? |
a judgement call, either symmetrical or asymmertrical |
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What is symmertry? |
one side of the picture is exactly like the other side |
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"Plain Filling Motif with Reptiles", MC Escher, 1941 |
this is symmetry |
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What is Asymmetry? |
Looking balanced to the mind, but not really balanced. |
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"Anne and Margot Frank", Julie Roberts, 2010 |
this is asymmetry |
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What is unity? |
The elements coming together |
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"Potato Eaters", Van Gogh, 1885 |
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What is focal area? |
where your eye goes to first, then off to something next |
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What is Perspective? |
Distinguishing background from the foreground. 3 types: linear, atmospheric, and shifting |
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"Train Tracks", Bob Dylan, 2010 |
This is linear perspective |
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"View From Mount Holyoke Northhampton Massachusetts After a Thunderstorm", Thomas Cole, 1836 |
This is atmospheric perspective? |
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What are dynamics? |
movement within the picture |
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"Cafe Terrance at Night", Van Gogh, 1888 |
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"Dancer Taking a Bow", Edgar Degas, 1877 |
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What is Trompe L'Oeil? |
"Trick of the eye"; tricking the eye into thinking something is correct |
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"Holy Trinity", Masaccio, 1427 |
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"Washington Crossing the Delaware", Emanuel Leutze, 1851 |
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"Three Shades", Auguste Rodin, 1886 |
This is an example of articulation |
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"Kinetic Energy II", Theo Jansen, 2011 |
This is a moving sculpture and a focal area piece |
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What is an environmental sculpture? |
sculptures that are incorporated in to and becomes part of the environment. Surroundings often take over this and make it emphemeral |
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What is an emphemeral sculpture? |
Something that is temporary (i.e. sand and ice sculptures) |
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"The Nazca Lines" |
These have been humming birds, sharks, spiders, monkeys, fish, orkas, llamas, and lizards |
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What is an interactivity in a sculpture? |
something that requires human interaction to get it's message out. |
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"Domona Lisa", FlippyCat, 2007 |
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How do sculptures stimulate our senses? |
Touch, dymanics, and size |
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"St. Peter", Arnolfo di Cambio, 1300 |
This is an example of touch |
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"The Peace Statue", Seibou Kitamura, 1955 |
This is an example of dymanics |
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"The Moai Statues", Easter Island |
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Who was Auguste Rodin? |
an Impressionist sculpture who lastered the mastered the casting method of sculpture. |
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What is Rodin Known for? |
Using mythology and allegory in his sculptures to tell a story; thought of as a post-impressionist because his work was more about conveying emotions |
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"The Kiss", Rodin, 1886 |
This captures a moment and conveys emotion through movement. |
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Who/ What was "The Kiss" by Rodin about? |
The tragic love story between Francesca and Paolo and their moment of adultury. |
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"The Monument of Balzac", Rodin |
This caused many people not to like him because it didn't look "realistic" |
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"The Gates of Hell", Rodin |
His most famous piece of work, due to it being created in contrast to "The Gates of Paradise"; based of Dante's Inferno |
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"The Thinker", Rodin, 1902 |
This is Dante himself contemplating what is going on in Hell |
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What is the main defining characteristic of architecture? |
it has to be useful first, then aesthetics second |
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What are the five types of structure? |
post-and-lintel, arch, cantilever, bearing wall, and skeleton frame |
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What is architecture? |
an invention designed to help humans function in the natural world. |
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What are the three forms to architecture? |
Residences, Places of Worship, and Commercial Buildings. |
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What comes first, Function or Form? |
It can be either way, due to the fact that the function of the building can change overtime. |
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What must architecture do? |
submit itself o practical means |
(you cant build a 100,000 sqft building in a 10 sqft area) |
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What drives architecture? |
technology |
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Who build the empire state building and when? |
Shreve and Lamb, 1931 |
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What are the four types of arches? |
lancet, equilateral, ogee, and tudor. |
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"Stonehenge", 2500 BC |
This is post and lintel method |
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Who created the columns? |
The Greeks. |
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What are the three types of columns? |
Doric (flat top), Ionic (Scrolled top), and Corinthian (sculptured top) |
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What keeps the support in an arch? |
The keystone at the direct top of the arch. Puts stress on the legs to hold it up. |
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What is a buttress? |
A structure put at the base of the arch to keep the structure from caving outward. |
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What is a flying buttress? |
the same as a buttress, but is away from the structure and has a second arch that leads to the original structure, thus creating an arcade |
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What is an arcade? |
three or more arches next to each other |
think of the Colosseum |
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That is a Tunnel? |
multiple arches placed back to back to each other |
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What is a groin vault? |
Two or more tunnels meeting at a right angle |
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What is a dome? |
Arches in a 360 degrees |
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Who invented arches and concrete? |
The ancient romans |
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What is a cantilever? |
the post and lintel method with only one post |
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What is a bearing wall? |
Walls that hold the weight of the structure with out needing support beams. |
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What is a skeleton frame? |
the inside of a structure. |
2 types: Balloon (home) and metal frame (sky scrapers) |
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What are the four main building materials? |
stone, concrete, wood, and steel |
These are based on area and availbility |
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What was the world's largest building? |
"Burj Kalifa", by Adrian Smith, 2010 |
2717 feet tall, 163 floors |
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What is masonry? |
the combination of stone and water (to make concrete) |
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Who is Frank Lloyd Wright? |
American architect who developed Prairie School architecture. |
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What did FLW Believe? |
That a piece of architecture should not dominate its surroundings, but incorporate them. |
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