Scopes And Cells

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Electron Microscope

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used to study great details of surfaces and interior structures of cells.
c. used electrons directed at the surface or interior of cells, which created an image of the object
d. advantages: can magnify with great resolution (2000x1000= 2,000,000 maximum)
e. disadvantage: object must be “fixed” using many chemicals before it can be inserted into the electron microscope for viewing. Object is no longer alive, and may be distorted by the preparation process.

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TEM (transmission electron microscope)

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Highest magnification, views slices of cells to see inside details

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SEM (scanning electron microscope)

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Not as high magnification, views surface of cells and other microscopic organisms

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cells

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- collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surrounding; basic unit of all forms of life

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Robert Hooke

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discovered and named cells in cork

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Antoine van Leeuenhoek

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discovered tiny organisms in pond water

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Matthias Schleiden

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said that all plants were made of the same type of cells

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Theodor Schwann

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said that all animals are made of cells

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Rudolph Virchow

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said that new cells could be produced only from the division of exisiting cells

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eukaryotes

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contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell

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prokaryotes

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have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus

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organelles

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specialized organs in cells

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Cell membrane

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1. functions- controls cellular traffic
2. biochemical make-up- proteins and lipids
3. structure- a “mosaic”

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Nucleus

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1. What is the granular material inside?- chromatin
2. What does it store?- DNA
3. What separates it from the other cell parts?- nuclear envelope
4. It contains nucleoli. What is their function and structure?- its where the assembly of ribosomes begins.

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Cytoplasm

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1. It is a colloid; what does that mean?- a mixture in which the particles do not settle
2. cytosol is the liquid portion
3. organelles are suspended in the cytosol

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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rough: (attached ribosomes)- modifies and transports proteins.
smooth: modifies and transports lipids.

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Golgi apparatus (or bodies)

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packages materials into vesicles for export from the cell

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Mitochondria

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breaks down glucose and forms ATP for cell’s use of ENERGY

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Lysosome

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breaks down old cell parts and large molecules/contains digestive enzymes

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Ribosome

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produces proteins

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cytoskeleton

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composed of protein microfilaments and microtubules/ maintains cell shape

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microtubules

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protein tube/ part of cytoskeleton and other cell structures

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microfilaments

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protein fiber/ part of cytoskeleton and other cell structures

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Plant cells

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a. cell wall- helps cell maintain shape and withstands high osmotic pressure/ composed of polysaccharide: cellulose
b. large vacuole- centrally located/ stores water and dissolved substances
c. chloroplasts- site of photosynthesis

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Animal cells

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a. cilia- small, hairlike projections that the cell uses for movement/ composed of microtubules and filaments
b. flagella- enable cells to swim through liquids
c. centrioles- helps organize cell division

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Fungi cells

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a. have a cell wall made of
b. they are multi-nucleated

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cell specialization

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the ability of cells to differentiate and perform separate roles in a multicellular organism

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red blood cells

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transport oxygen
(hemoglobin) also called erythrocyte

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pancreatic cells

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produce and export proteins

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muscle cells

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contract and relax to move parts of the body

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guard cells

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control the opening and closing of stomata

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tissues

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a group of similar cells that perform a particular function. ex: muscle

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organs

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groups of tissues working together. ex: stomach

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organ systems

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a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. ex: digestive system

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Epidermis tissue

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covers and protects from unwanted materials from entering or water loss

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Mesophyll tissue

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absorbs light for photo synthesis

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Guard cell

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control the opening and closing of stomata; gas exchange

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skeletal (muscle tissue)

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usually attached to bones, are responsible for voluntary movements

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smooth (muslce tissue)

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are in the walls of hollow structures, move food through the digestive system, blood flowing through the circulatory system

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cardiac (muslce tissue)

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in the heart, controls the amount of blood moving out of ventricles during heart contractions

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white blood cells

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guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria, also called leucocyte

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platelets

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makes blood clotting possible

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plasma membrane

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made up of a double layer of lipids and proteins

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hydrophobic

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ends lipid tails

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hydrophilic

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end phosphate head

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cell surface marker proteins

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identify the cell; help immune system identify itself and foreign cells, etc.

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channel (transport) proteins

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transport ions across the cell membrane, Na+

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receptor proteins

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send chemical messages inside and outside the cell, which allows the cell membrane adjust its permeablity

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semipermeable membrane

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membrane that allows some molecules to pass through while prohibiting others

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Diffusion

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the movement of molecules from an higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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Concentration gradient

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difference in concentrations going from higher to lower

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Osmosis

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diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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Solutions surrounding cells

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osmosis and hypertonic vs. hypotonic solutions demonstrated

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hypertonic solution

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a solution that has a greater concentrations of solutes than the solution to which it is being compared

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hypotonic solution

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a solution that has a lesser concentration of solutes than the solution to which it is being compared

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isotonic solution

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two solutions have the same concentrations

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Facilitated diffusion

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movement of specific types of molecules across cell membranes

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PASSIVE TRANSPORT

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DOES NOT REQUIRE cellular ENERGY AND GOES WITH THE FLOW OF CONCENTRATION GRADIENT (high concentration to low concentration)

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ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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DOES REQUIRE ENERGY AND GOES AGAINST THE CONCENTRATATION GRADIENT

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bulk transport

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movement of large amounts or large amounts or large materials into the cell

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exocytosis

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form of bulk transport that brings materials out of the cell

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endocytosis

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form of bulk transport that brings materials into the cell

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pinocytosis

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form of endocytosis that transports fluid

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phagocytosis

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form of endocytosis that transports solids