Science & Theology: Exam 1

Front 1

Four types of Christian theology?

Back 1

1. Fundamental theology
2. Historical theology
3. Systematic theology
4. Practical theology

Front 2

Fundamental theology:

Back 2

Specifically, is the process and reflection upon the question: does God exist?

Deals with God and the foundation of Christian faith.

Front 3

Historical theology

Back 3

Specifically, it examines the factors, cultural as well as religious, that contributed to the formulation of Christian doctrines and practices.

Seeks to reconstuct and understand the process by which the Christian tradition was formed.

Front 4

Systematic theology

Back 4

Relating various Christian doctrines to one another and by drawing out their implications for the way Christians ought to live.


The specific task is to express the understanding of Christian faith today as it is embodied in contemporary Christian witness.

Front 5

Practical theology

Back 5

Has undergone significant transformation in the past century.

Originally the art of preaching and the art of teaching others the principles of the Christian faith.

The more recent approach extends this concern to the total needs (spiritual and material) of society.

Front 6

In Shirley's second principle, what did Thomas Aquinas point out?

Back 6

That any language we use of God is always analogous to something we know in creation.

Front 7

What are Shirley's 3 principles?

Back 7

1. God is beyond anything we can feel, imagine, intuit or express.

2. God is something like what we can think, feel, imagine, intuit or express (maps; some are better representations than others).

3. When you begin to take your maps too seriously, see principle #1.

Front 8

How does God reveal himself?

Back 8

If god wishes to reveal God's self he must do so in ways we can understand.

If I want to show you visual images, I must do so in light frequencies no shorter than red and no longer than violet.

Front 9

How was life in the middle ages

Back 9

1. perpetually static
2. info largely restricted to local community
3. authority (tradition) was in the hands of the elders
4.

Front 10

Origins of the scientific model

Back 10

1. inconsistencies of the aristotelian model prompted review

2. gradual replacement of the mystery was methodical observation/approaches based on math, natural sciences, etc.

Front 11

"All knowledge has its origin in sensation"

-> indicates what?

Back 11

St. Thomas Aquinas

gives the assumption that the world is knowable.

Front 12

differentiate aristotle and newton's color scales?

what does this indicate?

Back 12

Aristotle showed 7 fundamental colors.

Newton's color circle was originally composed of 5 and added orange & indigo to master musical notes in major scales.

indicates difference in perspectives and advancement.

Front 13

How was info exchange different in the aristotelian age?

Back 13

Imagery, sculpture, visual aids, mnemonic devices useful.

"oral society"

the oral society (through printing press) left the oral society behind.

Front 14

Demise of aristotelian model

Back 14

1. He believed in concentric shells and that the heavens were unchanging

--> however, people continually were observing new comets, stars, etc. and questioned the validity of his assumptions.

Front 15

Where was the date of easter decided?

Back 15

Council of Nicaea

Front 16

Age of Reason

Back 16

1. Council of Trent (1545); Martin Luther
--> growth of secularism

2. Early renaissance, craftsmen scholars
3) Portuguese had circumnavigated the world
4) Economical problems due to flood of silver from new world flooding the market.

Front 17

Calendar invented by

Back 17

Galileo/Copernicus

Front 18

ARISTOTLE/PTOLEMY

Back 18

1. All motion based on a perfect circle

2. Ptolemy refined the model, but very convoluted and complex (to fit observations)

3. Model remained consistent with the doctrine of the church

Front 19

Occam's razor:

Back 19

"Law of parsimony"

the most likely hypothesis to be true is the simplest/contains fewest assumptions.

you can look at the different perspectives knowing they will both get you there, but one will be more swift and concise and is usually correct.

Front 20

COPERNICUS'S MODEL

Back 20

1. simpler model

2. consistent with new observations; BUT model did NOT fit w/ doctrine of the church

Front 21

EFFECTS OF COPERNICUS'S MODEL:

Back 21

1. Based upon observation, concluded heliocentric model fit observation (earth and planets revolve around a stationary sun)

--> disproved geocentricity (earth being the center of the universe and that all revolved around it).

2. Contradicted aristotle, council of trent accepted new model

Front 22

By accepting the copernican model, what did the church do

Back 22

unwillingly added credibility to

1. powers of observation
2. rationality, altered "tradition"

Front 23

Brahe proposed

Back 23

heavens change

Front 24

Benedette

Back 24

declared earth non-aristotelian

Front 25

what facilitated the chance of

aristotle ---> copernicus

Back 25

1. occam's razor; the simpler the better
2. observation of things that contradicted what was fundamentally believed

Front 26

Newtonian world

Back 26

order, symmetry, predictable

Front 27

Linnaeus & Paley = assoc. with?

Back 27

natural theology

Front 28

PALEY (natural theology)

Back 28

1. if you're poor, that's your role; so be it.

2. order was manifestation of god's will

3. all things that have a design must have a designer

Front 29

CHARLES LINNAEUS

Back 29

studied to be a priest, md.

1. invented binomial nomenclature
2. cataloging god's creation
3.

Front 30

by the end of the 19th century how did views shift?

Back 30

from static, unchanging, predictable to changing

Front 31

Buffon:

Back 31

Sees linkage between evol. forms; 1st to illuminate the similarities between organisms.

Most credit him as one of the first to openly talk that life isn't static and that there is this continuum and can start to build explanations of it.

That life is changing and you can explain the relationships.

Not an evolutionist, yet was the "Father of evolution"

Front 32

CUVIER

Back 32

There's a consistency among many diff. organisms

Believed in species fixity, but did relate species.

--> developed a model by which variation can result from relatively few forms

--> principle of simultaneous creation = breached

Front 33

LYELL

Back 33

1. an adherent to Hutton's uniformitarianism model

Front 34

HUTTON & LYELL

Back 34

strong evidence for "old" earth contradicting religious dogma

Front 35

inductive reasoning

Back 35

build a generalization from a series of empirically observed examples

ex: this ice is cold, therefore all ice is cold

Front 36

deductive reasoning

Back 36

extend from the knowledge of the general to particular observations

ex:

if organisms are made of cells
and humans are organisms
humans must be composed of cells

Front 37

WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD??

Back 37

1. Observe

2. Develop tentative hypothesis

3. Prediction based upon hypothesis

4. Test prediction by experimenting

5. REPEAT (until no discrepancy between hyp. and the results of the experiment and/or observation).

Front 38

"pax vobiscum"

Back 38

peace be with you (latin)

Front 39

HISTORICAL CONEXT:

Back 39

1. What kind of lit. is it?
2. Who wrote it and when?
3. What is being written about and why?

Front 40

"NAMASTE"

Back 40

"I salute the divinity within you" (sanskrit)

Front 41

Nostre Aetate (1965)

Back 41

opened up dialogue between catholicism and other beliefs

Front 42

If something is beyond our senses can science test it?

Back 42

NO.

Science is based upon data acquired through senses. Science can make extensions of their senses, however.

Front 43

"shalom"

Back 43

peace (hebrew)

has the connotation of harmoniousness/wholeness/completeness

Front 44

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRADITION AND EXPERIENCE:

Back 44

TRADITION
|
|------- theo. reflection
|
LIVED EXPERIENCE

Front 45

SMITH

Back 45

Associated geologic strata with different times of formation
noted appearance (and disappearance) of fossils in different strata

Buffon: there is a mechanistic explanation of change
Smith: there has been, is, and always will be change

Front 46

DECLINE OF ARISTOTELIAN DOGMA LED TO WHAT PREDOMINANT VIEW CHANGE

Back 46

from stability/order, in which natural phenomena were reflections of the human condition...

to one of instability, in which the human condition is a reflection of natural phenomena

Front 47

THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE

Back 47

Proceeds from:
the observation of certain phenomena in the material world

Leads to:
theoretical generalizations (models) which predicts the results that arise if one treats the phenomena in a particular way
Tests of a model/prediction with experiments

Reconciles:
Results from experiments with models

Front 48

SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN DETAIL

Back 48

Observe some aspect of the physical world.

Develop a tentative explanation- hypothesis, that is consistent with what you have observed.

Predictions made based on the hypothesis
If (observation) b/c (hypothesis), then (prediction)

Test those predictions by experiments or further observations and modify the hypothesis in the light of your results.

Repeat steps 3 and 4 until there are no discrepancies between hypothesis and experiment and/or observation.

Front 49

PROCESS OF SCIENCE THEORY

Back 49

When hypothesis is supported by multiple independent experiments, it may become a theory

Theory provides a coherent set of propositions which explain a class of phenomena.

A theory is then a framework within which observations are explained and predictions are made.