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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the pathway of blood as it goes through the heart and body.
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Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lung, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
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Explain why heart bypass operations are needed and describe the procedure.
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Blockage of a coronary artery in the heart by the buildup of fatty deposits which narrows the artery.
Vein from the leg is moved and grafted around the blocked artery to restore blood flow the heart muscle. |
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What is a pacemaker?
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An implanted device which maintains a correct heart beat in an individual.
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Describe what is transferred from blood cells in the capillaries to surrounding cells and from cells back to the blood cells in the capillaries
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Oxygen, nutrients and water dropped off.
Cellular waste and carbon dioxide is picked up. |
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Briefly state the functions of blood
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Medium by which the nutrient molecules processed by digestion and the oxygen molecules taken in by way of the lungs are delivered to the individual cells.
Blood carries a number of other important substances, such as hormones, enzymes, antibodies and waste materials. Regulates body temperature Regulates pH Fluid levels Destroys micro-organisms |
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Briefly describe the four components of blood
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Blood plasma which is 90% water
Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets |
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Briefly describe the two principal circuits of the cardiovascular system
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Pulmonary circuit or loop deoxygenated blood from the heart to lungs.
Systemic circuit or loop brings oxygenated blood from heart to the entire body. |
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Describe what happens during a stroke.
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Blood flow in an artery in the brain is blocked or partially blocked, resulting in brain damage.
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What are the two processes of respiration?
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Cellular respiration and External respiration (breathing)
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List the seven parts of the respiratory tract.
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Nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
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What three things must occur for a gas exchange to
be sufficient? |
Large surface area for gaseous exchange
A very short distance between the air and the blood Concentration difference for oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood. |
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How do mucus and cilia protect the respiratory tract?
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They trap and dispose of dust particles to keep them from getting into the lungs and moisten/warms the air
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What factors affect the volume of air an individual
can inhale? |
Chest size
Genetics Exercise |
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What effect does smoking have on lung tissue and the whole lung?
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It kills lung tissue, coats tissue with tar and reduces flexible of lungs thus diminishing the amount the individual can inhale
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What is the order of the organs in the digestive system?
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Mouth/saliva gland/teeth
Esophagus Epiglottis Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Appendix Rectum Anus |
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Other Organs?
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Liver
Gall Bladder Pancreas Mesentery |
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What do the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas do?
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Liver: The first place the nutrient from the food go; filters out harmful substances, produces bile to help with digestion
Gall Bladder: Stores excess bile Pancreas: Makes enzymes to help the body digest carbohydrates and proteins |
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List the differences between the frog digestive system and the human digestive system.
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FOR FROG: Solid wastes from the large intestine pass into the cloaca. Both liquid and solid waste material leave the body by way of the cloaca and the cloacal vent. Plus egg and sperm also exit thru the cloacal vent.
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What are the seven nutrients humans get from their diet and where are along the digestive system are these nutrients absorbed?
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7 nutrients- protein, carbohydrates (sugars), fats, minerals, salts, vitamins, plus water
enzymes: Pepsin (stomach)- (w/ HCl)breaks down proteins into amino acid building blocks in the stomach Amylase (pancreas)- breaks down carbohydrates lipase (pancreas)- breaks down fats trypsin (pancreas)- breaks down proteins Bile (liver)- helps bloodstream absorb fats |
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How do you determine the caloric value of food?
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Burn the food below water
Record the temperature of the water before and after the burning Put the temperature difference (in ºC) over the weight of the food burned |
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How do potential and kinetic energy apply to this?
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Potential energy: When the food has yet to be eaten (un-burned)
Kinetic energy: As the cells are converting the food to something useable (as the food is being burned) |
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Describe the function of the human excretory/urinary system. Be sure to include the different molecules of waste and the final product excreted from the body.
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As animals perform various cellular metabolic processes, proteins and nucleic acids, both of which contain nitrogen, are broken down. While some of the nitrogen that is released is used to manufacture new nitrogen-containing molecules, much of it cannot be used and must be disposed of as cellular waste. Typically ammonia (NH3) forms and ammonia hydroxide (NH4OH), a strong base, form. The ammonia needs to be gotten rid of before it raises the pH of the bodyAmmonia does not readily go from our body to the air, so we get rid of nitrogenous wastes through urea and uric acid. Animals that are not concerned with water loss like humans convert ammonia to urine. Others concerned with water loss convert it to uric acid (birds, insects, lizards).
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What are the organs in the urinary system, and what are their functions?
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Kidneys: Filter the waste out of blood
Cortex: outer part of kidney Medulla: site of filtration Renal Pelvis: Where urine in the kidney collects Ureters: Carries waste from kidneys to bladder Bladder: Stores waste Urethra: Disposes of urine outside of body Prostate gland: controls urine release in males |
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What is renal dialysis?
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A back-up system for your kidneys that will filter waste
from blood temporarily |
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What are urinary tract infections?
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When bacteria or yeast, usually from the anus, gets into the urethra
and causes an infection in the urinary tract |
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What are kidney stones?
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Solid masses stuck in the urinary system, usually develops in the renal pelvis
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