Science Subtest Iii: Cell Biology And Physiology

Front 1

Label the parts of a prokaryotic cell

Back 1

Front 2

Label the components of the eukaryotic cell

Back 2

Front 3

The site for protein synthesis is

Back 3

ribosomes

Front 4

The roadway of the cell that allows for the transport of materials through and out of the cell is

Back 4

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 5

Name the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and state their function

Back 5

Smooth: site of lipid synthesis
Rough: aid in synthesis of proteins that are membrane bound or destined for secretion

Front 6

Eukaryotic cells are found in

Back 6

protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Front 7

The most significant differentiation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that

Back 7

eukaryotes have a NUCLEUS

Front 8

Where are ribosomes made

Back 8

the nucleolus

Front 9

What is the function of lysosomes and where are they mainly found

Back 9

break down food, viruses, damaged cell components, etc.
found mainly in animal cells

Front 10

large organelles that are the site of cellular respiration, the production of ATP (that supplies energy to the cell) are called

Back 10

mitochondria

Front 11

Where are plastids found

Back 11

found in photosynthetic organisms such as plants

Front 12

chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts are all types of

Back 12

plastids

Front 13

where are vacuoles found and what is their function

Back 13

in plant cells
hold stored food and pigments, provide tugor pressure

Front 14

what type of cell is a cell wall found in

Back 14

only plant cells

Front 15

The ______, found in both animal and plant cells, provides a framework for the cell and aids in cell movement

Back 15

cytoskeleton

Front 16

prokaryotes consist only of

Back 16

bacteria and cyanobacteria

Front 17

prokaryotes or bacteria reproduce through

Back 17

asexual reproduction, producing two identical cells

Front 18

How do prokaryotic cells grow

Back 18

absorb nutrients from environment through cell wall and membrane. Some perform photosynthesis

Front 19

what do prokaryotic cells use as energy sources

Back 19

organic or inorganic compounds

Front 20

How do plants grow

Back 20

obtain nutrients from soil and convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis

Front 21

How do animals reproduce

Back 21

sexually

Front 22

How do plants reproduce

Back 22

50% produce seeds
others reproduce by spores, bulbs, buds,etc

Front 23

fungi are

Back 23

eukaryotic, mostly multi-cellular organisms

Front 24

How do fungi grow

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heterotrophs- obtain nutrients by digesting and absorbing nutrients from dead organisms

Front 25

How do fungi reproduce

Back 25

asexually and sexually

Front 26

protists are

Back 26

eukaryotic, single-celled organisms

Front 27

how do protists grow and reproduce

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heterotrophic-obtain nutrients by ingesting small molecules and digesting them in vacuoles
reproduce asexually

Front 28

Viruses are obligate parasites because

Back 28

they rely on the host for their own reproduction

Front 29

viruses are composed of

Back 29

a protein coat and a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

Front 30

What are the two types of viral reproductive cycles

Back 30

lytic and lysogenic

Front 31

Describe the lytic and lysogenic cycles

Back 31

lytic: virus enters host cell, makes copies of its nucleic acids and protein coats and reassembles them into copies of itself. it then breaks out of the host cell and infects other cells
lysogenic: may remain dormant within cell until some factor activates it and stimulates it to break out of the cell (Herpes)

Front 32

what is the purpose of cell division

Back 32

1. provide growth and repair in body cells
2. replenish or create sex cells for reproduction

Front 33

what are two forms of cell division and describe their function

Back 33

mitosis: the dividsion of somatic (body) cells
meiosis: the division of sex cells (eggs and sperm)

Front 34

Describe the stages of the mitotic process

Back 34

Front 35

Diagram the structure of the cell membrane and relate the structure to its function

Back 35

1. Hydrogen bonding holds the membrane together through the phospholipids they are made of.
2. The hydrophilic phosphate group and two hydrophobic lipid tails allow the membrane to orient itself facing the fluid inside and outside the cell
3. Proteins act as channels for transport, receptor sites, stick cells together, attach to the cytoskeleton to give the cell shape
4. contain cholesterol which alters the fluidity of the membrane
5. contain oligosaccarides on the outside of the membrane. these act as markers to help distinguish one cell from another
6. contain receptors made of glycoproteins that can attach to certain molecules like hormones

Front 36

Explain diffusion as a method of transport across a membrane

Back 36

The ability of molecules to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. it normally invloves small uncharged particles like oxygen

Front 37

Explain active transport as a method of transport across a membrane

Back 37

It requires energy which comes from ATP or an electrical charge difference. It may move materials either with or against a concentraion gradient
Ex: Sodium-Potassium pump:
maintains an electrical difference across the cell, it exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions across the plasma membrane in animal cells

Front 38

Explain the three types of endocytosis in animal cells as a method of transport across the membrane

Back 38

Phagocytosis: when a particle is engulfed by pseudopodia and packaged in a vacuole
Pinocytosis: when a cell takes in extracellular fluid in small vesicles
Receptor-mediated endocytosis: when the membrane vesicles bud inward to allow a cell to take in large amounts of certain subtances. the vesicles have proteins with receptors that are specific for the substance

Front 39

Explain exocytosis as a method of transport across a membrane

Back 39

the release of large particles by vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane

Front 40

What is cellular communication

Back 40

the interaction of cells facilitated by the release, diffusion, and reception of molecules

Front 41

the site of photosynthesis is

Back 41

chlorpplasts

Front 42

the site of cellular respiration (the production of ATP that supplies energy to the cell)

Back 42

mitochondria

Front 43

why is the cristae important to the mitochondria

Back 43

provide a large surface area for cellular respiration to occur. oxidation phosporylation takes place here

Front 44

why is the matirx important to the mitochondria

Back 44

the site of the Kreb cycle and it contains copies of mitochondrial DNA genome, specialized ribosomes, tRNAs, and various enzymes

Front 45

What are enzymes

Back 45

act as biological catalysts to speed up reactions

Front 46

Are enzymes used up after a reaction

Back 46

they are not used up and are recycleable

Front 47

what is a substrate

Back 47

the material to be broken down or put back together
enzymes act on substrates

Front 48

The _____ theory states that an enzyme can stretch and bend to fit the substrate

Back 48

induced fit

Front 49

temperature affects enzyme activity as it can

Back 49

affect the rate of reaction within an enzyme

Front 50

ph can affect enzyme activity. what is the optimal ph for enzymes

Back 50

between 6 and 8

Front 51

noncompetitive inhibitors alter the _____ of an enzyme

Back 51

shape

Front 52

describe an experiment to test the catalytic role of enzymes

Back 52

we can conduct 2 trials of the same reaction, one with the enzyme and one without
compare the rate of the 2 reactions

Front 53

metabolism consists of two contrasting processess including

Back 53

anabolism and catabolism

Front 54

Catabolism is the

Back 54

breaking down of macromolecules obtained from the environment or cellular reserves to produce energy in form of ATP

Front 55

the energy produced by catabolism drives

Back 55

the anabolic pathways of the cell

Front 56

anabolism is the ______ of complex macromolecules from simple precursers

Back 56

formation

Front 57

the basic reaction of catabolism is _______ the addition of a water molecule across a covelent bond

Back 57

hydrolysis

Front 58

What is the function of the circulatory system

Back 58

to carry oxygenated blood and nutrients to all cells of the body and return carbon dioxide waste to be expelled from the lungs

Front 59

What is the function of the digestive system

Back 59

to break down food adn absorb it into the blood stream where it can be delivered to all the cells of the body for use in cellular respiration

Front 60

What is the function of the respitory system

Back 60

function in the gas exchange of oxygen (needed) and carbon dioxide (waste). delivers oxygen to the bloodstream and picks up carbon dioxide for release out of the body

Front 61

what is the function of the excretory system

Back 61

to rid the body of nitrogenous wastes in the form of urea.

Front 62

relate the activity of major body systems to provide cells with oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products

Back 62

The circulatory and respitory systems are linked
Through breathing, the respitory system, binds oxygen to hemoglobin. Oxygen is then carried to muscles via the circulatory system. It also removes carbon dioxide waste.
The digestive and excretory system are linked.
the digestive system breaks food down into nutrients to be absorbed into the blood stream (circulatory system) where they can be delivered to cells for cellular respiration.
by-products from digestion are compacted and excreted from the body by the excretory system.

Front 63

The human nervous system is responsible for

Back 63

relaying messages between the brain and body

Front 64

what are the two parts of the nervous system

Back 64

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

Front 65

what is the role of the central nervous system (CNS) and what does it consist of

Back 65

It consists of the brain and spinal cord.
It is responsible for the bodys response to environmental stimuli.
It sends out motor commands for movement in repsonse to stimuli and controls and responds to the senses
The CNS response is a reflex- unconscious, automatic response.

Front 66

what are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and what does it consist of

Back 66

It consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
the sensory division BRINGS info TO the CNS from sensory receptors
the motor division SENDS signals FROM the CNS to effector cells

Front 67

What systems does the motor division of the PNS consist of and what are their functions

Back 67

Somatic nervous system: controls large muscles of the body; controlled CONSCIOUSLY in response to external stimuli

Autonomic nervous system:
controls movement of the smooth and cardiac muscles (beating of heart, digestion of food)
UNCONSCIOUSLY controlled by hypothalmus of brain to regulate internal environment

Front 68

What is homeostasis

Back 68

the control of differences between the internal and external environment

Front 69

Explain the homeostatic role of the kidneys

Back 69

The kidneys are the site of osmoregulation and excretion.
They maintain the appropriate level of water and salts in body fluids so that cells may function at the optimum level (osmoregulation)
They also eliminate metobolic (nitrogeneous) waste from the body in the form of urea. The process of sweating is also a form of excretion of fluids and wastes (excretion)

Front 70

What is the functional unit of excretion

Back 70

the nephron which make up the kidneys

Front 71

Explain the homeostatic role of the heart

Back 71

The heart helps in thermoregulation or the maintainance of internal or core body temperature. It does this by producing a drop in metobolic rate and decreasing heart rate to keep and organism warmer

Front 72

How do nephrons maintain osmoregulation in the kidneys

Back 72

Nephrons in the kidneys filter fluid waste, reabsorb water, an excrete excess water to maintain osmoregulation

Front 73

What is the function of feedback loops

Back 73

they serve to regulate bodily functions in relation to environmental conditions

Front 74

Where is the site for thermoregulation

Back 74

the hypothalmus

Front 75

Explain the homeostatic role of the brain

Back 75

The hypothalmus in the brain is the reception site of many hormones and acts as a processing area. It works with the brain to integrate nervous impulses and command activity

Front 76

Explain the function of positive feedback loops and give an example

Back 76

positive feedback loops ENHANCE the bodys natural response to environmental stimuli and PROMOTE processes that involve rapid deviation from the initial state
Ovulation is an example. Before ovulation, the ovary secretes estrogen to stimulate the maturation of the ovum. The level of estrogen gives a signal to the hypothalmus and it stimulates production of FSH so the estrogen level will be increasing until it reaches its peak

Front 77

Explain the function of the negative feedback loops and give an example

Back 77

negative feedback loops help MAINTAIN stablility in spite of environmental changes and function in homeostasis
regulation of blood glucose levels are an example as well as the maintainance of body temperature

Front 78

Predict the effects of disturbances on the negative feedback loops.

Back 78

A possible disturbance would be the development of diabetes due to the pancreas no longer being able to produce insulin. Can cause damage to the liver, eyesight, etc. the person has to be givin insulin by shot or mouth to regulate their blood glucose level

Front 79

What hormones are released during "fight or flight" (the bodys response to stress or danger)

Back 79

ACTH is released by the hypothalmus which signals the adrenal glands to release the hormones cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

Front 80

What is the role of the hormones cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in readying the body to respond to a threat

Back 80

increase blood pressure and heart rate, speed reaction time, divert blood to muscles, and release glucose for use by the muscles and brain

Front 81

finally, cortisol completes the "fight or flight" feedback loop by

Back 81

acting on the hypothalmus to stop hormonal production after the threat has passed

Front 82

Which gland produces hormones that help maintain heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tone, digestion, and reproductive functions

Back 82

The thyroid gland

Front 83

the pancreas maintains glucose homeostasis by

Back 83

secreting insulin and glucagon

Front 84

What are the three gonadal steroids and what to they regulate

Back 84

androgen (testosterone), estrogen, and progesterone relgualte the deelopment of the male and female reproductive organs

Front 85

________ are chemical messengers

Back 85

neurotransmitters

Front 86

what is the most common neurotransmitter and what is its function

Back 86

acetylcholine controls muscle contraction and heartbeat

Front 87

what are the effects of epinephrine and noepinehprine on the cardiovascular and respitory systems

Back 87

they can be used to increase the rate and stroke volume of the heart, this increasing the rate of oxygen delivery to the blood cells

Front 88

what is the function of the muscular system and what are the three types of muscle tissue

Back 88

to facilitate movement
skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Front 89

Which type of muscle is voluntary, attached to bones, and is responsible for movement

Back 89

skeletal muscle

Front 90

_____ muscle is found in the heart, and a person has no direct control over this muscle

Back 90

cardiac muscle

Front 91

Which type of muscle is involuntary, found in organs, and enables functions such as digestion and respiration

Back 91

smooth muscle

Front 92

unlike cardiac and skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is NOT

Back 92

striated, does not generate as much tension

Front 93

Bone is a connective tissue. The axial skeleton consists of bondes of the

Back 93

skull and vertabrates

Front 94

the appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the

Back 94

legs, arms, and tail, and shoulder girdle

Front 95

what is the protective covering on the outside of the bone

Back 95

periosteum

Front 96

which part of the bone gives strength

Back 96

compact bone

Front 97

Why are joints important

Back 97

place where two bones meet. enable movement

Front 98

What are the three types of joints and what is their function

Back 98

ball and socket: rotational movement (arms and legs in many different ways)
hinge: movement is restricted to a single plane
pivot:rotation of forearm and hands at the wrist

Front 99

what is the function of skin

Back 99

serves as a protective barrier against infection and plays a role in thermoregulation

Front 100

An antigen is

Back 100

any foreign body that elicits an immune response

Front 101

the two main repsonses made by the body after exposure to an antigen:

Back 101

humoral and cell-mediated

Front 102

What type of antigens activitate the humoral response to infection

Back 102

free antigens

Front 103

What is secreted by plasma cells in hte humoral response

Back 103

antibodies and memory cells

Front 104

How do the antibodies defend against extracellular pathogens

Back 104

by binding to the antigen and making it an easy target for phagocytes to engulf and destroy

Front 105

antibodies are in a class of proteins called

Back 105

immunoglobulins (lg)

Front 106

what are the 5 major classes of immunoglobins (lg)

Back 106

lgG
lgA
lgM
lgE
lgD

Front 107

What is each class of immunoglobin responsible for

Back 107

lgG: Immune protection of newborns (only one that can cross placenta); secondary immune responses
lgA: not to destroy antigen but to prevent passage of foreign substances into the circulatory system (protect mucus membranes)
lgM: Main antibody of primary immune responses, largest of the five
lgE: Autoimmune responses that include allergies, arthritis, multiple sclerosis
lgD: unknown function

Front 108

the ______ response responds to an antigen and provides and established protection for future exposure

Back 108

humoral

Front 109

explain the cell-mediated response to infection

Back 109

infected cells activate T cells (lymphocytes from the thymus) which defend by binding to the infected cell and destroying them and the antigen.

Front 110

compare cell-mediated and humoral responses to infection

Back 110

cell-mediated immunity is more involved with T cells
humoral response is more involved with b cells (they release plasma cells that secrete the antibodies)
Both B and T cells are used in both types of response

Front 111

How does vaccination work

Back 111

Vaccines artifically induce immunity by priming the immune system to response to infection by specific pathogens

Front 112

vaccines introduce

Back 112

antigens, proteins, or polyssacharides derived from a specific pathogen.

Front 113

Exposure to pathogen antigens prepares the body to respond to future infection by

Back 113

stimullating the production of specific antibodies and memory immune cells

Front 114

Name variables affect the success rate of vaccines

Back 114

genetics, type of disease and vaccine, strength of individuals immune response to a vaccine, the timing, method, and delivery of the vaccine, and the health of the patient

Front 115

scientists have had greater success generating vacines that elicit

Back 115

antibody responses rather than T cell responses

Front 116

many vaccines need to be delivered

Back 116

two or more times to boost the immunity or a booster needs to be given every few years

Front 117

immunodeficiency and an example

Back 117

a deficiency in either the humoral or cell-mediated immune defenses
HIV

Front 118

predict the consquences of a compromised immune system

Back 118

the inablility of the immune system to combat normally benign microbes can lead to CHRONIC ILLNESS and eventual DEATH