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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does it mean when scientists classify things?
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Scientists put things in categories.
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Qualitative
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have to do with descriptions that cannot be expressed I numbers (color, taste, etc)
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Quantitative
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have to do with numbers or amounts
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Half Life
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The time it takes for half of the atoms of a radioactive element to decay.
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Relative age
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The age of a rock compared to the ages of other rocks. The deeper the rock, the older it is.
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Know the SI unit of time
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Seconds
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Cinder Cone
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cone-shaped with high silica content and layers of cinders
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Composite volcanoes
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tall cone-shaped mountains in which layers of lava alternate with layer of ash
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Shield Volcanoes
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thin layers of lava pour out of a vent and harden on top of previous layers.
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Lava plateaus
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when thin, runny lava floods the area and travels far before cooling and solidifying.
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Remember that scientific knowledge can change as a result of…
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new information.
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Mid-ocean ridges
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mountain ranges that run across the middle of some ocean floors.
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How do mid-ocean ridges form?
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They form at crack in the ocean floor where molten material rises from the earth.
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Divergent boundaries
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Where two plates move slowly away from each other
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Convergent boundaries
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two plates move toward each other
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Transform boundaries
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two plates move past each other in opposite directions
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What are the parts of the scientific method?
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Purpose, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion
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Be able to convert between meters and kilometers
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King Henry Died (Unit) Drinking Chocolate Milk
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How are intrusions used in relative age dating?
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When magma pushes into rock below the surface, cools, and hardens leaving an igneous rock behind that is younger.
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What is the law of superposition?
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The deeper the layer of rock, the older it is.
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What do line graphs show?
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How two variables interact with one another
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How do volcanoes erupt?
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The force of the expanding gases pushes magma from the magma chamber through the pipe until it flows or explodes out of the vent.
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What is sonar?
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A devise that uses sound waves to measure the distance to an object.
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Magma
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under ground
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Lava
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above ground
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What is a rift valley?
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A deep valley that forms where two continental plates move apart.
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What are the layers of the earth?
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Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
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Where are you most likely to find volcanoes?
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Plate boundaries
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How do you measure volume?
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Length times width times height
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What is the main hazard from a quiet volcanic eruption?
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Poisonous Gasses
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Radiation
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the transfer of energy carried in rays (like sunlight)
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Conduction
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heat transfer between materials that are touching (like hot sand)
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Convection
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Heat that is transferred by the movement of a fluid.
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What is a caldera?
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The large hole at the top of a volcano formed when the roof of a volcano’s magma chamber collapses
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Pahoehoe
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thin, runny, fast moving lava. Looks like rope when it dries.
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Volcanic cinders
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pebble-sized particles of volcanic material
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Ash
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the smallest (dust sized) particles of volcanic material
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Bombs
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larger pieces of volcano particles that can be from the size of a golf ball to the size of a car.
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What is Pangaea?
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The single landmass that began to break apart 200 million years ago and later became today’s continents.
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What is the texture of a rock?
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The feeling of a rock that depends on its mineral crystals.
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How does convection work?
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Hot temperatures rise and as they cool, they fall to get heated up again over and over.
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Fossil
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the preserved remains or traces of living things.
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Molds
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a hollow area in the shape of an organism.
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Cast
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a solid copy of the shape of an organism.
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Petrified fossils
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fossils in which minerals replace all of an organism and they turn into stone.
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Carbon films
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extremely thin coating of carbon on a rock.
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Trace fossil
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evidence of the activities of ancient organisms.
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Preserved remains
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when whole organisms are preserved, for example in ice or tar.
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Weathering
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the chemical and physical processes that break down rock and other substances.
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Sea-floor spreading
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the process by which molten material adds new oceanic crust to the ocean floor.
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Why do scientists think plates move?
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Convection currents in the mantle are why plates move
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How do deep ocean trenches form?
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Subduction in a convergent boundary
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Which span of time in the geologic history of earth is the longest?
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Precambrian
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qualitative
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deals with descriptions that cannot be expressed in numbers
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quantitative
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deals with numbers, or amounts
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metric system
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a system of measurement based on the number 10
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x-axis
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the horizontal axis
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y-axis
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the vertical axis
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hypothesis
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a possible explanation for a set of observation or answer to a scientific question; must be testable
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Controlled experiment
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an experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time
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Dependent variable
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the factor that changes as a result of changes to the manipulated, or independent, variable in an experiment; also called the responding variable.
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Independent variable
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the one factor that a scientist changes during an experiment; also called the manipulated variable
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Data
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evidence gathered though observation
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replication
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an attempt to repeat a scientist's experiment by a different scientist or group of scientists
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crust
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the layer of rock that forms Earth's outer surface
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mantle
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the layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core
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core
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mostly made of iron and nickel, a dense liquid outer core and a dense, solid inner core
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convection
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the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a fluid
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conduction
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the transfer of thermal energy from one particle of matter to another
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radiation
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the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
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review
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to look over the concept
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study
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to look over; intense review, go over something a lot and understanding it
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grain
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the particles of minerals or other rocks that give a rock its texture
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texture
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the look and feel of a rock's surface, determined by the size, shape, and pattern of a rock's grains
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igneous rock
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a type of rock that forms form the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface
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metamorphic rock
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a type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions
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sedimentary
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a type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together
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rock cycle
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a series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another
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erosion
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the process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves weathered particles of rock and soil
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weathering
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the chemical and physical processes that break down rock and other substances
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lab safety
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to follow procedure in the lab to not hurt yourself during the experiment
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extrusive rock
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igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth's surface
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intrusive rock
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a type of rock that form from cooling of molten rock at or below the surface
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control group
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the group in the experiment not tested on
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testing group
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group the experiment is being tested on
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deposition
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process in which sediment is laid down in new locations
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cementation
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the process by which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together into one mass
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purpose
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the reason you are doing the experiment
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references
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the sources of information you find
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fossil
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the preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past
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mold
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a type of fossil that is a hollow area in sediment in the shape of an organism or part of an organism
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carbon film
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a type of fossil consisting of an extremely thin coating of carbon on rock
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paleontologist
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a scientist who studies fossils to learn about organisms that lived long ago
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evolution
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Change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
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fossil record
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that millions of types of organisms have evolved
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extinct
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to refer to a group of related organisms that has died out and has no living member
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relative age
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a rock is its age comparedto ages of others
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absolute age
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the age of a rock given as the number of years since the rock formed
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law of superposition
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the geologic principle that states that in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock
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extrusion
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an igneous rock layer formed when lava flows onto Earth's surface and hardens.
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intrusion
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an igneous rock layer formed when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface
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fault
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a break in Earth's crust along which rocks move
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unconformity
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gap in geologic record
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index fossil
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fossils of widely distributed organisms that lived during a geologically short period
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folding
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forces inside Earth fold rock layers so much, that the layers are turned completely
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trilobite
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an organism that existed for a geologically short period of time
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radioactive decay
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the process in which radioactive elements break down, releasing fast- moving particles and energy
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half-life
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the time it takes for half of the atoms of a radioactive element to decay
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era
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one of the three long units of geologic time between the Precambrian and the present
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uniformitarianism
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guide scientists use when they make inferences about Earth's past
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continental drift
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continents slowly moved over Earth's surface
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pangaea
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a supercontinent that was once joined together in a single landform
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Wenger's hypothesis
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the continents fit all together as one
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sea floor speading
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the process by which molten material adds new oceanic crust to the ocean floor
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mid- ocean ridge
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a undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced: a divergent plate boundary under the ocean
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subduction
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the process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep- ocean trench and back into the mantle
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dep ocean trench
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ocean floor that plunges into deep underwater canyons
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halloween
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when people dress up and go trick-or-treating on october 31
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candy
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sweet things that has a lot of sugar
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supercontinent
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continents once formed together
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landmass
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a large piece of matter that is land
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sonar
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a device that uses sound waves to measure the distance of an object
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mariana trench
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a trench in the Pacific ocean and the deepest part of the ocean
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plate
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a section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenosphere, carrying pieces of continential and oceanic crust
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plate tectonics
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the theory that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convetion currents in the mantle
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convergent boundaries
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a plate boundary where two plates move towards each other
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divergent boundaries
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a plate boundary where two plates move away from each other
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transform boundaries
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a plate boundaries where two plates move past each other in opposite directions
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fault
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breaks in Earth's crust where rocks have slipped past each other
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ring of fire
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one major belt of volcanoes
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volcano
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Mountain forms when magma reaches the surface
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hot spot
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an area where material from deep within Earth's mantle rises through the crust and melts to form magma
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island arc
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a string of volcanoes that form as a result of subduction of one oceanic plate beneath a second oceanic plate
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magma chamber
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the pockets beneath a volcano where magma is collected
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pipe
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A long tube through which magma moves from a magma chamber to the Earth's surface
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vent
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molten rock and gas leave through an opening
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lava flow
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the spread of lava as it pours out of a vent
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crater
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a bowl-shaped area that forms around a volcano's central opening
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silica
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a material found in magma that is formed from the elements
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dormat
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not currently active but able to become active in the future
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extinct
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a volcano that no longer is active and unlikely to erupt again
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volcanic neck
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magma hardens in a volcanos pipe and the rock wears away.
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sill
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magma that squeezes between horizontal rock layers harden
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