Science Midterm

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Polar covalent bond

Back 1

a covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally

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Molecule

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a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds

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Metallic Bond

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The equal sharing of atoms that allows electrons to move easily among the atoms of metal.

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Radioactivity

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Process by which atoms produce energy and particles

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Half- Life

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The amount it takes for one-half of the atoms in a particular sample to decay

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Reactivity

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Indicates how likely an element is to undergo chemical change

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Metal

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Elements that conduct electricity and heat well

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Metalloids

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Elements that have properties of metals and nonmetals

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Chemical Formula

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Uses these chemical symbols to represent the atoms of the elements and their ratios in a chemical compound

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Atomic Number

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Number of protons in a nucleus

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Electrons

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Negatively charged particles

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Nucleus

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Combination of protons and neutrons

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Proton

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Positively charged particles

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Neutron

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Uncharged particles

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Isotopes

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Atoms of the same element that have different number of protons

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Ion

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Charged particles that form when an atom gains or loses electrons

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Atomic Mass

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Average mass of all the element's isotopes

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Periodic Table

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Table showing repeating pattern of properties of the elements

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Group

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Columns in the periodic table

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Period

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Rows in the periodic table

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Covalent Bond

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A pair of shared electrons between two atoms

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Ionic Bond

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The force of attraction between positive and negative ions

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Atomic Mass Number

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Total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus

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Hypothesis

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A tentative explanation for an observation

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Subscript

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A number written to the right of a chemical symbol and slightly below it

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Mixture

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A combination of different substances that remain the same individual substances and can be separated by physical means

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Element

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A substance that contains only a single type of atom

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Compound

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A substance that consists of two or more different types of atoms bonded together

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Law

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A principle or rule that describes a physical relationship

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Constraints

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Limits on how a technology can be designed

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Molecule

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When two or more atoms bond together

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States of Matter

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Different forms in which matter can exist

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Solid

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A substance that has a fixed volume and a fixed shape

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Liquid

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Substance that has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape

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Gas

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Substance that has no fixed shape or volume

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Matter

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Anything that has mass and takes up soace

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Mass

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A measure of how much matter and object contains

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Weight

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Downward pull on an object due to gravity

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Technology

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The use of knowledge to create processes or tools that change the way things are done

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Outliers

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Very different data points

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Mode

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The most frequent value in a data set

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Median

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The middle value of the data set

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Atom

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The smallest unit of matter

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Criteria

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The standards by which people judge new technology

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Volume

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The amount of space that matter in an object occupies

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Thermal Energy

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The total random kinetic energy of particles in an atom

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Freezing

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The process by which a liquid becomes a solid

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Physical Properties

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The characteristics of substance that can be observed without changing the substance

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Freezing Point

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The temperature at which a specific liquid becomes a solid

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Evaporating

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The process in which a liquid becomes a gas

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Sublimation

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When a solid changes directly to gas

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Boiling

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The process in which a liquid becomes a gas

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Condensation

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The process by which a gas changes to a liquid

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Specific Heat

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The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1c

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Conduction

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The process that moves energy by physical touch

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Chemical Change

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The change of one substance into another

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Physical Change

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A change in any physical property of a substance

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Chemical Properties

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When Substances form new substances

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Calorie

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The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1c

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Joule

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The SI unit for energy

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Convection

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The process that transfers energy by the movement of large numbers of particles in the same direction

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Radiation

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Energy that travels as electromagnetic waves

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Heat

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Flow of energy from an object of a higher temperature to an object of a lower temperature

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Kinetic Theory of Matter

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All particles in matter are constantly in motion

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Temperature

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The measure of the average kinetic energy of all particles in an object

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Degree

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The unit temperature is measured

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Melting

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Process by which solid becomes a liquid

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Density

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The measure of the amount of matter present in a given volume of a substance