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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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science
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the study of the natural world
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observing
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using one or more senses to gather information
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inferring
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when you explain your observations
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predicting
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making a forecast of what will happen in the future based on past experience or evidence
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chemistry
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the study of properties of matter and how matter changes
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physics
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the study of matter, energy, motion and forces and how they interact
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scientific inquiry
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the different ways scientists study the natural world
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hypothesis
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a possible answer to a scientific question for a set of observations
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parameter
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a factor that can be measured in an experiment
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manipulated variable
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the purposely changed parameter
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responding variable
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the variable, parameter, that changes as a result of changed to the manipulated variable in an experiment
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data
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facts, figures and other evidence gathered through evidence
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controlled experiment
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an investigation in which only one parameter is manipulated at a time
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communicating
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sharing ideas and conclusions with others through writing or speaking
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model
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picture, diagram, computer image or other representation of an object or process
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scientific theory
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a well tested explanation for a wide range of operations or experimental results
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scientific law
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a statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions
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S.I.
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International System of Units
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weight
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the measure of the force of gravity on you
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mass
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the measure or the amount of matter an object contains
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volume
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amount of space an object takes up
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meniscus
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the curved upper surface of a liquid in column
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density
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mass per unit volume
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celsius scale
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the temperature scale at which water boils at 100 degrees and freezes at 0 degrees
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kelvin scale
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the temperature scale at which 0 is the temperature at which no more energy can be removed from matter
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absolute zero
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the temperature at which no more energy can be removed from matter
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estimate
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an approximation of a number based on reasonable assumptions
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accuracy
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how close a number is to the true value
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reproducibility
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how close a group of measurements are to each other
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significant figures
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a measurement including all of the digits that have been measured exactly plus one value whose value has been estimated
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precision
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a measure of the exactness of a measurement
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graph
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a picture of your data
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horizontal axis
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the x axis; the graph line that runs left to right
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vertical axis
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the y axis; the graph line that runs up and down
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origin
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the point where the two axes cross
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coordinate
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a pair of numbers used to determine the position of a point on a graph
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data point
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the point showing the location of a piece of data
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line of best fit
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a smooth line that reflects the general pattern in a graph
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linear graph
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a line graph where the data points yield a straight line
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slope
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the steepness of the graph line
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nonlinear graph
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a line graph in which the data points do not fall across a straight line
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matter
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anything that has mass and takes up space
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substance
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a single kind of matter that is pure; always has a specific composition and set of properties
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physical property
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a characteristic of a substance that observed without changing into another substance
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chemical property
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a characteristic of a pure substance that described its ability to change into a different substance
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element
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a pure substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by chemical or physical means
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atom
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the basic particle from which all elements are made
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chemical bond
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what is formed when atoms combine; a sharing of electrons between two atoms
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molecule
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a neutral molecule made by two or more atoms joined by a covalent bond
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compound
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pure substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a set ratio
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chemical formula
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a combination of symbols that represent the elements in a molecule and their proportions
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mixture
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made up of two or more substances, elements, compounds or both that are together in the same place but not chemically combined
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heterogeneous mixture
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a mixture in which you can see the different parts
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homogeneous mixture
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a mixture in which the substances are so mixed, you cannot see the different parts
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solution
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a well mixed mixture containing a solvent and at least on solute that has the same properties throughout
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physical change
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any change that alters the form or appearance of matter but that does not make any substance in the matter into a different substance
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chemical change
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a change in matter that produces one or more new substances
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law of conservation of matter
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the fact that matter is not created or destroyed in any chemical or physical change
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energy
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the ability to do work or cause change
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temperature
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a measure of the average energy of random motion of particles of matter
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thermal energy
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the total energy of all of the particles in an object
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endothermic change
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a change in which energy is taken in
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exothermic change
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a change which releases energy
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chemical energy
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the energy stored in chemical bonds between atoms
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electromagnetic energy
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a form of energy that travels through space as waves
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electrical energy
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energy of electrically charged particles moving from one place to another
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electrodes
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a metal strip that conducts electricity
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solid
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matter with a definite shape and volume
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liquid
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matter with a definite volume but not shape
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fluid
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a substance that flows
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crystalline solids
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a solid that is made up of crystals in which particles are arranged in a regular repeating pattern
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amorphous solids
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a solid made up of particles that are not arranged in a repeated pattern
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surface tension
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the result of an inward pull of the molecules of a liquid that pull the molecules on the surface closer together
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viscosity
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a liquids resistance to flowing
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gas
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matter with no definite shape or volume
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melting
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the change in a state from a solid to a liquid
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melting point
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the temperature at which matter changes from a solid to a liquid
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freezing
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the change from a liquid to a solid
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vaporization
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the change from a liquid to a gas
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evaporation
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vaporization that takes place only on the surface of a liquid
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boiling
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when a liquid changes to a gas below its surface as well as at its surface
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boiling point
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the temperature at which a liquid boils
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condensation
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the change in state from a gas to a liquid
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sublimation
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the direct change from a solid to a gas
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pressure
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the force of the outward force of the gas divided by the force of the walls of the container
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directly proportional
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when a graph of two variables is a straight line passing straight through the origin
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Boyle's Law
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when the pressure of a gas at a constant temperature is increased the volume is decreased and vice versa
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inversely proportional
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when the product of two variables is constant; when you increase one variable, the other decreases and vice versa
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electron
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negatively charged particles surrounding an atoms nucleus
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proton
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positively charged particles in an atoms nucleus
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nucleus
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an atom's center made of protons and neutrons
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energy level
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the specific amount of energy a particle (i.e. an electron) has
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neutron
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a particle with no electric charge; present in an atoms nucleus
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atomic number
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the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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isotope
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atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
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mass number
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sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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atomic mass
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the average mass of all the isotopes of an element
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periodic table
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an arrangement of elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties
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periods
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horizontal rows
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groups
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vertical columns
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chemical symbol
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a representation of an element usually consisting of one of two letters
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metals
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elements that are good conductors of electricity and heat
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maleable
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a material that can be hammered or rolled into flat sheets or other shapes
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ductile
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a material that can be pulled out or drawn into a long wire
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thermal conductivity
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the ability of an object to transfer heat
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electrical conductivity
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the ability of an object to transfer electric current
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reactivity
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the ease and speed with which a substance reacts with another substance
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corrosion
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the gradual wearing away of metal due to chemical reaction
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alkali metals
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the metals in group 1
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alkaline earth metals
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group 2 of the periodic table
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transition metals
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groups 3-12 of the periodic table
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particle accelerator
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a machine that moves atomic nuclei faster and faster until they reach very high speeds; used to make new elements
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nonmetal
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an element that lacks most of the properties of a metal
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diatomic molecule
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a molecule that consists of two atoms; halogens are found as diatomic molecules
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halogens
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"salt forming"; an element found in group 17 of the periodic table
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inert gasses
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group 18 of the periodic table; nonreactive
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semimetals
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have some properties of metals and some of nonmetals
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semiconductors
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substances that can conduct electric current under some conditions but not other conditions
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radioactive decay
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the atomic nuclei of unstable elements releasing fast moving particles and energy
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radioactivity
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the property of an atom to be able to spontaneously emit radiation
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tracers
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radioactive isotopes that can be followed through the steps of chemical reactions or industrial processes
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motion
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when an object's distance from another object is changing
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reference point
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a place or object used for comparison to see if an object is in motion
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distance
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the length of a path between two points
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displacement
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the length and direction that an object has moved from the starting point
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vector
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a quantity that consists of both a magnitude and direction
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speed
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the distance that an object travels per unit time
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average speed
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total distance traveled divided by the total time
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instantaneous speed
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the rate at which an object is moving at a given instant in time
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velocity
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speed in a given direction
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acceleration
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the rate at which a velocity changes with time
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work
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energy lost when an object is caused to move a certain distance
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kinetic energy
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the energy an object has due to its motion
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potential energy
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stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object
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gravitational potential energy
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GE=mgh
(weight times height) |
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elastic potential energy
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the potential energy of an object that can be stretched or compressed
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mechanical energy
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an objects combined kinetic and potential energy
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law conservation of energy
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when one form of energy is transformed into another, no energy is lost in the process
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force
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push or pull
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newton
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the S.I. unit of the magnitude or strength of a force
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net force
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the combination of all the forces acting upon an object
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unbalanced forces
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results in a net force; causes a velocity of an object to change
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balanced forces
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equal forces acting on one object in opposite directions
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friction
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the force that two objects exert on each other when they rub against each other
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static friction
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friction that acts on objects that are not moving
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sliding friction
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friction when two objects slide across each other
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rolling friction
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when an object rolls across a surface
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fluid friction
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when a solid object moves through a fluid
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gravity
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the force that pulls objects towards each other
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mass
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the measure of the amount of matter in an object
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weight
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the gravitational force exerted on an object or person at the surface of the planet
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free fall
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when the only force that is acting on an object is gravity
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air resistance
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a type of fluid friction that acts on an object moving through air
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projectile
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an object that is thrown
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compression
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an elastic force that squeezes or pushes matter together
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tension
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an elastic force that pushes or pulls matter
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inertia
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the tendency of an object to resist change in motion
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momentum
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mass times velocity
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law of conservation of momentum
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in the absence of an outside force, the total momentum of objects that interact does not change
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satellite
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any object that orbits another object in space
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centripetal force
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any force that causes an object to move in a circular path
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pressure
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force exerted on a surface divided by the area over which the force is exerted (F/A)
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pascal
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unit of pressure
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barometer
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an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure
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density
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mass per unit volume
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buoyant force
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an upward force that acts on a submerged object
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Archimedes' principle
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states that the buoyant force acting on an object is equal to the weight of the volume of the fluid displaced by the object
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Pascals principle
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pressure increases by the same amount throughout an enclosed or confined fluid
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hydraulic system
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uses liquids to transmit pressure and multiply force in a confined fluid
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Bernoulli's principle
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the faster a fluid moves, the less pressure a fluid exerts
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lift
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an upward force
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