Science Mid-Term Study Guide

Front 1

Rock cycle

Back 1

the process in which rocks form, change, breakdown, and reform

Front 2

crystallization

Back 2

the process through which rocks form, either from molten rock or from coming out of solution

Front 3

plate tectonics

Back 3

the theory that Earth's surface, lithosphere is divided into a series of segments which move

Front 4

atoms

Back 4

the smallest unit of an element that has the properties of that element

Front 5

ions

Back 5

atoms which have lost or gained electrons

Front 6

Force

Back 6

a push or pull

Front 7

Newton's three laws

Back 7

1. inertia
2. f=ma
3. action force/reaction force

Front 8

Buoyancy

Back 8

a push back force equal to the force exerted by the amount of water displaced by the object

Front 9

Gravity

Back 9

a pull of an object towards the center of it's mass

Front 10

Topography

Back 10

surface features of an area of Earth's continent

Front 11

Contour lines

Back 11

connect points of equal elevation

Front 12

Rules for a contour map

Back 12

1. contour lines never cross
2. circles show highest (hills, mountains) and lowest (basin lakes) points in closed systems
3. hasher lines show decreases in elevation in a depression
4. contour lines crossing a stream point toward higher elevation
5. the closer the lines the steeper the slope
6. index lines have numbers on them
7. on a map the contour intervals are always equal

Front 13

Science process skills

Back 13

the set of "steps" through which information is gained and verified, including observations, hypothesis, variables, writing procedures, organized data

Front 14

Observations

Back 14

information gained by using the five senses

Front 15

Hypothesis

Back 15

proposed solution to a problem to be tested; based on observations and previous and experience

Front 16

Variables

Back 16

anything which can change in an experiment

Front 17

Independent Variable

Back 17

the one variable which is deliberately changed from one trial to another by the experimenter

Front 18

Dependent Variable

Back 18

the variable which may change in response to changes in the independent variable

Front 19

Controlled Variables

Back 19

those variables which must remain the same from one trial to another

Front 20

Procedure

Back 20

step by step sequence for conducting an experiment

Front 21

Data

Back 21

observations of the changes made due to the manipulation of one variable; They are usually recorded in an organized chart

Front 22

Quantitative

Back 22

observations involving measurments

Front 23

Qualitative

Back 23

observations of what occurs very descriptive

Front 24

Types of mining

Back 24

1. surface mining
2. strip mining
3. open- pit mining
4. deep mining

Front 25

Density

Back 25

the amount of mass in a given volume of space g/ml

Front 26

For spheres of Earth

Back 26

1. atmosphere
2. hydrosphere
3. geosphere
4. biosphere

Front 27

Weight

Back 27

the pull of gravity on the mass of an object