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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do we determine motion?
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the difference in position.
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Net Force
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the combination of all the forces acting on an object.
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If more than one force is acting on an object, when would you add them together to get the net force, and when would you subtract?
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add:some direction
subtract: opposing |
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How do we calculate speed?
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distance divided by time
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How is velocity different from speed?
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velocity:how fast an objects moving, it's direction
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Acceleration
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to speed up at a constant speed
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Why is gravity considered a universal force?
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All matter has mass. Gravity is a result of mass.
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Describe the difference between static and kinetic friction.
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Static:object doesn't move
Kinetic:moving surfaces |
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Friction
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the force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact
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Describe the difference between weight and mass.
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weight:gravitational force
mass:amount of matter |
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How does air resistance affect falling objects?
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air resistance opposes the motion of objects through the air
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What did Galileo hypothesize would happen with falling objects if there were no air?
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float away
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Terminal Velocity
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the constant velocity of falling object when the force of air resistance is equal
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Projectile Motion
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the curved path
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Explain what Newton's second law means for kids racing toy cars.
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Who ever pushed harder with a lighter car would win.
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List 3 examples of action-reaction pairs of forces.
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1.Bat hitting ball
2.Rabbit's leg's pushing off ground 3.Student sitting at desk |
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Calculate momentum.
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M X V=Mass x velocity
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How are waves and energy related?
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Waves transfer energy
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Resonance
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a phenomen that occurs when two objects naturally vibrate at the same frequency;the sound produced by one object causes the other object to vibrate.
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Speed of a wave.
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Wavelength X Frequency
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Amplitude
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the maximum distance that the particle of a wave's medium vibrate from their rest position.
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Example of Reflection.
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mirror
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Which wave property relates to the pitch of a sound wave?
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frequency
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Defraction
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A change in the direction of a wave when the wave finds and obstacle or an edge
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Why are radiation waves different from other waves?
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They transfer energy without going through a medium.
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What is interference and how can it affect the sounds we hear?
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the combination of tow or more waves that results in a single wave, can make sound louder or softer
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What is the amplitude of a wave? How does it relate to the loudness of a sound wave?
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the maximum distance that the particles of a medium vibrate from their rest position. larger amplitude=more energy(louder)
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Atom
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smallest unit of matter, consiting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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nucleus
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the center of an atom or the center of a eukaryotic cell
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How is a proton different from a neutron? How are they alike?
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Proton: positive
Neutron:neutral Same # of each in an atom |
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What characteristics help us describe a wave?
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crest, trough, wavelength, frequency
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How do waves transfer energy?
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they transfer by the vibration of particles in a substance
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Compare a rarefaction with a compression.
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rarefaction: particles spread apart
compression: particles close together |
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Mass number
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protons + neutrons
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Where is most of the mass of an atom found?
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nucleus
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Electron
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negatively charged particle
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Atomic number
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number of protons
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Electron cloud
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spaced electrons that circle the nucleus
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How are atoms of various elements different?
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the number of valence electrons
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What comprises most of the volume of an atom?
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nucleus
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How do isotopes of the same element differ from each other?
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they have diffferent numbers of neutrons, so they have different masses
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Atomic mass
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protons + neutrons
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How would u determine the # of protons an atom has, given the atomic mass.
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subtract neutrons
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How would u determine the # of neutrons an atom has, given the atomic mass.
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subtract protons
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How would u determine the # of electrons an atom has, given the atomic mass.
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it's not possible
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What unit of measurement is used for atoms?
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grams
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Which individuals helped us develop our atomic theory?
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Democritus, Aristotle, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, Erwin Schrodinger
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How did Democritus describe atoms?
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Matter is made of atoms (particles)
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How does Dalton's atomic model differ from Thomson's?
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Thomson:electrons located throughout atom
Dalton:electrons around atom |
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What did Rutherford determine about atomic structure?
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nucleus: dense, tiny and positively charged
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Describe Rutherford's experimental set up.
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"Shooting Gallery"-aimed small positive particles at a thin sheet of foil, some bounced back, and some went through.
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Periodic
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Something that occurs or repeats at regular intervals
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How did Mendeleev set up the original periodic table?
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in order of increasing atomic mass
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Properties of a Metalloid.
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shiny, brittle, hard, good conductor of electric current
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What types of elements are found in Groups 13-15 of the periodic table?
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Metalloids, metals, and nonmetals.
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What are columns of the periodic table called?
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periods
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What are rows of the periodic table called?
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families or groups
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How do the elements change as you go from left to right across a period?
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Reactivity and Conductivity change gradually
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What does a period's number tell us about the element's of that row?
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the physical and chemical properties (Reactivity and conuductivity)
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Name groups 1, 2, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.
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1.Alkali Metals
2.Alkaline- Earth Metals 17.Halogens 18.Noble gases |
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Which family is known for its lack of reactivity?
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noble gases
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Which group of metals is so reactive they are never found pure?
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Alkali metals
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What does the group number tell us about elements in that group?
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how many valence electrons they have
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What else do the members of a group have in common?
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reactivity, softness, denstiy, color, shininess
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Which non-metals are the most reactive?
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halogens
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Periodic law.
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the repeating chemical and physical properties of elements that change periodically with the atomic numbers of the elements
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Properties of most metals.
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shiny, ductile, malleable,good conductors of electric current and thermal energy
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Properties of most transition metals.
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shiny, conduct thermal energy and electric current well
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What does a chemical bond do?
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it holds atoms or ions together
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How can you predict whether 2 atoms will bond?
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# of valence electrons
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How are valence electrons different from other electrons?
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they are found on last valence shell.
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What part of an atom is responsible for forming bonds?
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valence electron shell
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How is a molecular compound formed?
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by combining two atoms so they complete each others valence shell.
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What types of elements form covalent bonds?
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nonmetals
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How do ionic bonds form?
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when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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Ion
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a charged particle that forms when an atom or group of atoms gains or loses one or more electrons
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How is the charge of an ion calculated?
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loses one or more-positive
gains one or more-negative |
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How do atoms develop a charge?
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the number of protons and neutrons
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What is released as an atom gains an electron?
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energy
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How many dots go on a Lewis dot diagram for a member of group 2?
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two
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How do atoms of group 2 become more stable?
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by losing 2 electrons
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Crystal lattice
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a repeating 3 dimensional pattern, gives ionic compounds certain properties (brittleness, high melting and boiling points)
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How do covalent bonds form?
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when atoms share one or more pairs of atoms
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What properties do metallic bonds have?
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electrical conductivity, malleability, ductility
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How are metallic bonds different from covalent bonds?
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metallic:form between the attraction
covalent:sharing |
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Where are reactant found in a chemical equation? Where are the products?
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reactants:starting materials
products:result, substance formed |
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Law of Conservation of Mass
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Mass can't be created nor destroyed
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Law of Conservation of Energy
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Energy can't be created nor destroyed
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4 signs of a chemical reaction
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gas formation, solid formation, energy change, color change
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Explain what happens to chemical bonds during a reaction.
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they break then form new bonds
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What is activation energy?
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the minimum amount of enery required to start a chemical reaction
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Difference between endothermic and extothermic.
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endothermic:energy taken in
exothermic:energy release |
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single-displacement reaction
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a reaction in which on element takes the place of another element in a compound
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synthesis reaction
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two or more substances combine to form a new compound
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decomposition reaction
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compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances
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double-displacement reaction
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a gas, solid,precipitate, or molecular compound forms from the exchange of ions between tow compounds
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How does a catalyst speed up reactions?
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it increases the rate of reaction
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Preservatives in our food fall into what group of substances?
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inhibitor
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List 5 factors which would speed up a reaction.
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increase temperature, concentration, surface area, add a catalyst, stir
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What process comprise the water cycle?
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precipitation, condensation, percolation, runoff, transpiraton, evaporation
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Geosphere
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the mostly solid, rocky part of the Earth
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What process comprise the carbon cycle?
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photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, decomposition
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Nitrogen cycle
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Nitrogen cycles among the air, soil, water, plants and animals
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Conduction
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energy transferred as heat through a material
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Convection
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transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas
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radiation
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the transfer of energy as Electromagnetic waves
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What process comprise the rock cycle
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heat, pressure, weathering, erosion, cooling
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Location of crust
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the thin and solid outermost layer of the earth
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Aquifer
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a body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the folw of groundwater
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Mantle
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the layer of rock between the crust and core
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erosion
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the process by which wind, water, ice or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another
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