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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When formulas are expressed in part what must you first do?
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add-to make total parts (ratio)
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Why is age considered in determining of proper dosage in young children?
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renal function develops over 1st 2 years of live
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What is a nomogram
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precise calculations base on both height and weight determine BSA
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What is avg adult BSA
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1.73
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What exactly is equilibrium
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rate going back/forth from products to reactants the same
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What is themodynamics
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study of how it uses energy and relative stability of components
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What is kinetics
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study of RATE at which a system undergoes change
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What is energy of activation
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the energy barrier going from reactants R to P (products)
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What is 1st law of thermodynamics
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energy of universe remains constant, can neither be created or destroyed
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What does Q=E-W tell us
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the addition of heat, can be used to increase internal energy of the system or do work
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What is Q
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heat
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What is E
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internal energy
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Is Q=H
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yes
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What is H
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Enthalpy, (heat content
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What is Enropy
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amount of disorder in a system
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What happening to the temp of a solid/liquid at mp/bp
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temp does not change, instead energy serves to increase entropy
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What is S
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change in entropy
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What is S in isothermal
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S=Q/T
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What must we consider if temp is not constant
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heat capacity
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What is S for temp not constatn
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S=Cp lnx (T2/T1)
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What does Gibb's free energy allow us to determine
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whether a reaction is thermodynamically favorable
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What is G at equilibrium
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0
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What is change in G at eqauilbirum, what is standard state at equilibrium
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G=0,
standard state of G never equal zero==equal to -RTln (c2/c1) |
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What is standard state G^0 and point
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used as a comparison of free energy at standard on 1 M
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What is K C2/C1 be seen as in realtion with drugs
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Bound/Free (not plasma bound)
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What is rate of a reaction defined in terms of drugs
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as the increase or decrease in drug concentration with time
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What is zero-order kinetics
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the rate of decomposition does NOT change with concentration
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What is rate law for decreasing concentration for Zero-order reaction?
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decrease in -drug conc/time =
slope (rise/run) |
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What is slopes relation to rate constant
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-K
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What is Co
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concentration at time 0
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What is self life of drug definition?
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amount of drug is 90% of orginal concentration
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What is 1st order kinetics
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the rate of decomposition of a drug changes and drug concentration decreases
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What is rate law for decreasing concentration for first order reaction?
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- (decrease in drug con/time=kC
more drug you have, faster it degrads |
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Why do we use logs for 1st order
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concentratino changes logartithmically
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What is relation with time in 1st order
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per unit time (-1)
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What is second-order kinetics
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the rate of the decomposition of the drugs depends on concentration of BOTH reactants
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Can you explain graph of Zero, 1st and 2nd order
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Zero, drug composition dependent on time (same no matter what concentration)
1st, drug composition dependent on concentration (exponentially) must use long 2nd-concentration depends on 2 reactants |
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Suspenstion are what type of kinetics
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Zero-order kinetics
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What are suspension zero order
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as durg decomposes in solutions, more durg is released from the suspened particles, so concentration remains constant
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What happens when all suspended particles have converted in solution
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1st order reaction
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What is relationship between 1st order kinetics and Zero order
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both are decrease amout of drug over time, but 1st order is dependent on concentration
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KC=K
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1st order = Zero order
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What are 2 ways to increase shelf-life
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suspension and overage
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What influences reaction rates
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Light, ionic strength, pH, solvent, dielectric constant, and temp (lips dt)
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Generally high temps causes reactions
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to increase in rate
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Why do reaction rates increase with temp
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molecules vibrate faster, and more likely to overcome activation energy
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What is Arrhenius activation
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is the energy barrier that must be overcome for reaction to proceed
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What happens to Ea energy at higher temps
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energy of reactants raised, so Ea is LOWERED
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What is advantage of using Arrhenius equation?
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testing drug stability at higher temps where decomposition is faster, so you don't have to monitor self life of a drug at storage temp
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What is graph of Arrhenius equation
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Log of rate constant/ TEMP
Rate decreases exponentially with temp |
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Slope of Arrhenius =
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-Ea/2.303*R
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What is energy barrier due to
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formation of transition state
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What is stability of transition state
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extremely unstable
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What order is decomposition of transition state
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1st order, reaction rate of transition state and depends on KC (concentration of transistion state)
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What is Change in G of transition state =
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energy of activation
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Effect of rate constant (k) by catalyst
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rate constant increased
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Effect of equilibrium K by catalyst
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unaffected
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What stablizes parital - charges in transition state
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H30 (acid) with +
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What stablizies partial + charges in transition staste
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-OH base
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What is complexation
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2 things sticking together (stong attraction towards each other=complexation
weak interaction--driven towards molecules |
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What is Keq, and relationship to complexation?
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= complex/conc A'B
stability constant |
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What do values >1
and <1 mean for Keq |
>1, driven towards products
<1 driven towards reactants, as there is a weak interaction between both |
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Type of complexation (how they stick together)
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electrostatics, Lewis acid-base, dipolar interatction
H bonding |
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How does complexation affect drug performace by solubility
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Increase solubility as many drugs are not soluble in water, a complex would increase
or decrease solubility, which would lengthen theraputic effect |
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Types of complexation
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Metal, Inclusion complexes, and physical adsoprtion
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What is difference between solubility and dissolution?
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solubility how much dissolves
and dissolutino is rate at which disolves |
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What is a metal complex?
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binding of a ligand (electron donor) to a metal
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What are point of chelating agents
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great care must be taken to elminate metal from reacting with drugs (preventing oxidation), so a chealting agent like EDTA will bind with a metal making unavailbe for particpating in oxidation
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What is benifit of mental-pie bond complex?
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treatment of metal poisoning, b/c bind large range of metal, and easily excreted
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What makes outside of Cyclodextrin hydrophilic
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Hydroxl OH groups
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What makes interior of Cyclodextrin hydrophobic
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rings and glycocidic oxygen
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How does Cyclodextrin work
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Cyclodextrin inclusion is a molecular phenomenon in which usually only one guest molecule interacts with the cavity of a Cyclodextrin molecule to become entrapped and form a stable association. Molecules or functional groups of molecules those are less hydrophilic than water, can be included in the Cyclodextrin cavity in the presence of water.
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What type of complex is cyclodextrin
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inculsion
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What is physcial adsorption
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binding of a drug to surface of macroscopic particle
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What is example of physical adsoprtion
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charcoal has huge SA, adn binds variety of drugs, and is large particle cannot be adsorbed in stomach
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At what pH is hydrolsis the slowest
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at neutral 7
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Hydrolysis in a basic solution the nucleophile is
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-OH
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What happens to carbonyl in acidic solution
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grabs an H+ b/c pronated, making it more electrophilic
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What simply is oxidation
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adding Os (oxygen) (removing electrons)
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What simlply reduction
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adding H's and taking O's away
adding electrons |
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3 steps of free radical oxidation
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iniation, propgation, and termination
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What happens to a molecule in an excited state
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chemical reactions, energy transfer to another molecule, heat dissipation, and emmission
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What does an electron do in the presence of light
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promoted to a higher energy orbital
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How can you prevent photodecomposition
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packaging, formulation,
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What type of formulations (aq) are usually added to prevent photodecomposition
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Sodium sulfite NaSo3, hypophoorous acid, and ascorbic acid, or coat tablet
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What are 3 physical properties taht affect how solid dosage forms perform?
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1. particle size, crystallinity, and water content
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What happens to rate of dissolution as particles get larger
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rate of dissolution decrease, larger SA
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What is angle of repose
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angle of pile of drug increase with drugs that stick together, and larger particle size
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Which are more order Crystals or Amorphous
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crystals (more stable, higher BP)
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What is polymorphism
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existence or two or more different distinct crystal forms in a singe solid
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What solutes are prone to polymorphism
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symmetrical moecules or hydrates of solvents
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What are 2 types of polymorphs
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enantioropic
monotropic |
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What is enantiotropic
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(under thermo)--activation energy is low, so samples can interconvert often
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What is monotropic
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(under kinetic)-high activation energy, isolated form
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Why are polymorphs important
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differ in physcial properties (mp, dissolution, bioavail
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Polymorphs of novobiocin
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amorphous well adsorbed, cystal poorly adsorped
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Polymorphs of ampicillin
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one is anhydrous, adn trihydrate--show differnt PK profiles
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What does water content effect?
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tendency to form hydrates (polymorphism), lower thermal stability, lead to direct decomposition of drug
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Why are syrups have a high concentration of sugar
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only enough water is added to saturate the solution-so no free water is available--which is needed for bacterial growth--so ihbitied
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Would acidi berry and fruits be best for basic drugs or acidic drugs
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basic drugs, b/c increase of H+, drives it to protanted form, which is more soluble in water (better syrup)
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What does proximity effects have on rate of reaction
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its contains (2 differnt reactants interacting (slower) 2nd order
contains one reactan attacking self (1st order) |
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What are colligative properties
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depend only on the number of dissolved particles in solution and not on their identity.
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How do you make something colligative
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solutions have different properties than either the solutes or the solvent used to make the solution
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Compare the properties of a 1.0 M aqueous sugar solution to a 0.5 M solution of table salt (NaCl) in water.
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both solutions have precisely the same number of dissolved particles because each sodium chloride unit creates two particles upon dissolution, both have same colligative properties,
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Examples of colligative properties
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freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure
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What is free energy cause
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molescules to leave solution
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What is equilbirum of free energy
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rate of molecules leaves the solution is equal to molecules returning to solution
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Where is free energy highest
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pure liquids, and lower in mixtures
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Why does adding a solutle lower vapor pressure
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water has more things to interact with, so less leave, and more soultes will leave vapor phase, as concentration of water in solution decreased
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What is vapor pressure equal to
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vapor pressure of pure solvent x, its mole fraction
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How can a non-volatile solute lower vaport pressure
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(non-volatile)---has no vapor pressure,--vapor pressure still decreases, as dependent on # of particles in solution changes, and that is a colligative property
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How is bp occur
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when atmospheric presure equals vapor presure
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What happens to BP when you add a solute
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increase, b/c solute lower VP and so need more heat to have VP eqal atm pressure
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How does fp occur
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when free enegy of liquid= free energy of solid
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How does addition of solute affect fb
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lowers freezing point, b/c freezing--something b/comes more orderly-when a solute is added, any inpurity makes it more difficult to freeze
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Where does water flow
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to region of higher solute concentration (less water)
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What is osmotic pressure
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pressure need to prevent flow of water down its concentration gradient
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When using osmotic pressure can you consider Molarity and Molality the same
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YES
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How are colligative properties affected by non-electroyles, vs electroyles
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based on particles, electrolytes have more particles!!!! must account for in equations
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When are molarity and osmolarity equal
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for non-electroytles
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When are molarity and osmolarity not equal and why
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electrolyes, need to correct for dissociation of electrolytes,
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What is osmolarity equal to in electrolytes
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i values x M or m
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im =
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Osm/kg
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iM-
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Osm/L
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What solution is consider ISOTONIC
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NaCl
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What are normal NaCl values for blood
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275-300 Osm/L
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What is E value of .12
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how much sodium a drug contributes
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What does mEq measure
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total IONIC charges (not particles)
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mEq and realtion to millimoles
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mEq is number of millimoles x CHARGE
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Why is phosphate only measured mMol/L
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b/c charge on phosphate can change
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How do you calculate mEq for surcrose or other NON-inoic
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YOU CANNOT--MEQ=O for stuff that doesnt have ionic charges!!!!
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In Zero-order kinetics the suspension rate K depends on
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DRUGS solubility
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Explain how overage is NOT related to increase concentration
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OVERAGE is NOT changing the formulation or drug in any way--porportate INCREASE in everything
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What holds protein-drug complexes together
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electrostatics, adn dipolar interactions
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What does serum albumin bind
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Cationic substance (+)
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What functional group is most prone to hydrolysis
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esters
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What is syrup
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sweetened aqueous solution (sugar or substitue)
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What is an elixer
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swettend solution containing alcohol adn water
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What is spirit
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aromatic material in alcohol in water (peppermint oil, spearmint oil)
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What are aromatic waters
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solution of aromatic material
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What is a tincture
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extract of a natural substance dissolved in alcohol or in alcohol and water
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What is an extract
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concetnration prepartion of vegetable or animal material
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