Science-Earth And Space Chapter 3

Front 1

Minerals

Back 1

substances that are found naturally in the earth, and have a crystalline structure. (there atoms are in an orderly arrangement)

Front 2

Mineralogy

Back 2

the branch of geology that deals with the identification and classification of minerals

Front 3

Native elements

Back 3

substances that exist naturally in the earth's crust as single, uncombined elements

Front 4

Halides

Back 4

a group which consists of compounds made with the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine

Front 5

Sulfides and sulfates

Back 5

minerals that contain the element sulfur

Front 6

Oxides

Back 6

minerals that contain the element oxygen bonded to a metal

Front 7

Carbonates

Back 7

minerals containing carbon bonded to oxygen

Front 8

Phosphates

Back 8

minerals which contain the element phosphorus, bonded to four oxygen atoms

Front 9

Silicates

Back 9

Three largest group of minerals which composes over 90% of the earth's crust

Front 10

Crystals

Back 10

geometric structures that are composed of atoms or molecules, and have an orderly arrangement

Front 11

Diamond

Back 11

the hardest naturally occurring substance known

Front 12

Streak test

Back 12

Similarly colored minerals can often be differentiated by scraping the crystal on a piece of unglazed porcelain called a streak plate, the mineral than leaves a line of powder on the plate called a streak

Front 13

Luster

Back 13

the way light is reflected from the surface of a mineral

Front 14

Hardness

Back 14

the resistance of a smooth mineral to being scratched

Front 15

Mohs scale of Hardness

Back 15

a scale made by Fredrick Mohs which shows ten minerals arranged in the order from softest to hardest, providing a standard of comparison for all minerals

Front 16

Cleavage

Back 16

this is the tendency of a mineral to break readily along certain flat surfaces, producing fragments with the same shape as the parent mineral

Front 17

Specific Gravity

Back 17

this is a number that compares an object's density to the density of water

Front 18

Acid test

Back 18

a way of identifying minerals by placing a drop of diluted hydrochloric acid on a specimen of a mineral

Front 19

Fluorescent

Back 19

the term that refers to minerals that glow particular colors when they are exposed to ultraviolet light in a darkened room

Front 20

Phosphorescent

Back 20

a term that refers to minerals that glow for a while after being exposed to ultraviolet light

Front 21

Geiger counter

Back 21

an instrument that detects radiation

Front 22

Mined

Back 22

the process in which minerals are extracted from the earth, and used for man's benefit

Front 23

Metals

Back 23

some of the most important minerals extracted from the earth

Front 24

Ore

Back 24

any mineral that contains a valuable metallic element

Front 25

Metallurgy

Back 25

the extracting of metals from the earth and preparing them for use

Front 26

Extraction

Back 26

the removal of ore from the earth...after extraction, the site is refined- the removing of impurities by heat, than shaping it is the final step of metallurgy

Front 27

Aluminum

Back 27

the most abundant metal in the earth's crust

Front 28

Iron

Back 28

the second most common metal on the earths crust, which has been used for thousands of years

Hint 28

Blast furnace- the method that has been used throughout the ages to refine iron.

Front 29

Coke

Back 29

an impure form of carbon derived from coal

Front 30

Direct iron reduction

Back 30

uses methane gas instead of coke to refine iron

Front 31

Copper

Back 31

a reddish-orange metal which is a good conductor of electricity, and is easy to shape into thin strands

Front 32

Tin & zinc

Back 32

two different metals used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion

Front 33

Uranium

Back 33

this metal is used as a fuel for nuclear reactors

Front 34

Precious metals

Back 34

metals valued for their durability, rarity, and beauty

Front 35

Silver

Back 35

a precious metal which is the best conductor of heat and electricity that has been used for centuries to make jewelry, tableware, and other house hold items

Hint 35

(the pure form of this metal is the most reflective of all metals)

Front 36

Platinum

Back 36

a metal more valuable then gold or silver

Front 37

Precious stones

Back 37

the most beautiful minerals which are prized for their hardness, color, and "fire"- the dazzling ways in which they reflect light

Front 38

Carat weight

Back 38

measures a diamond's weight in metric carats

Front 39

Semipreciose stones

Back 39

gems that are not as rare , durable, or esteemed as precious stones that are beautiful, and are easily confused with the more valuable stones

Front 40

Len Cram

Back 40

the man who discovered how to "grow" opal. He can produce opals that look very much like the real ones

Front 41

Lab-created gemstones

Back 41

one of todays largest industries, that offers the beauty of a rare gemstone at a fraction of the price. (these gemstones turn out identical to their natural counterparts)

Front 42

Simulant gemstones

Back 42

imitation gemstones that look like a natural gemstone, but have different chemical and physical properties

Front 43

Synthetic gemstones

Back 43

these are identical to their natural counterparts in appearance and chemical contenent

Front 44

Flame fusion process

Back 44

this process was invented by Auguste Verneuli. It begins by dropping powdered chemicals into a blowtorch flame. As the chemicals fall through the flame, they melt, and land on a a rotating seed crystal. The seed crystal is then rotated forming larger crystal(s)

Front 45

Pulled method

Back 45

this process is also called the Czochralski method. It begins with the ingredient powders melted in a container. Inside the container is a seed crystal wich is very slowly withdrawn to form a larger crystal

Front 46

Rock

Back 46

the hard material that makes up the earth's crust

Front 47

Petrology

Back 47

the branch of geology that is concerned with the origin, composition, and structure of rocks

Front 48

Igneous rocks

Back 48

rocks formed from solidified magma

Front 49

Metamorphic rocks

Back 49

these rocks form from sediments of deposited mineral and organic matter cemented together by water, pressure, and chemical action

Front 50

Intrusive

Back 50

the term that refers to igneous rocks that form when magma cools and hardens while still under ground

Front 51

Basalt

Back 51

this is the most common igneous rock

Hint 51

(this rock is fine-grained and extrusive)

Front 52

Porphyritic

Back 52

rocks that are formed when magma cools first slowly and then quickly, large and small grains develop, giving the rock a mixed texture

Front 53

amorphous

Back 53

this term refers to rocks that cool very rapidly, and no crystals form (these rocks have a smooth glass-like texture,)

Front 54

Pumice

Back 54

a light igneous rock that floats on water

Front 55

Concretions

Back 55

hard, round structures that form when minerals settle out of water, and crystalize around a sand grain or other mineral fragment

Front 56

Stratum

Back 56

a horizontal rock layer that has a different type of layer above it

Front 57

Law of superposition

Back 57

this is a law that states that any undisturbed strata lie on the order that they were laid down

Front 58

Mechanical sediments

Back 58

the sand, clay, or rock fragments that are transported by physical means and deposited in a thick layer elsewhere

Front 59

Clastic sedimentary rock

Back 59

this term refers to when deposits of mechanical sediments are are glued together by pressure or chemical action to form sedimentary rock

Front 60

Conglomerate rock

Back 60

rock that consists of smooth pebbles embedded in hardened sand or clay

Front 61

Concrete

Back 61

a man-made conglomerate rock consisting of sand and gravel held together by cement

Front 62

Chemical sedimentary rocks

Back 62

rocks formed by chemical sediments (limestone is a well known sedimentary rock)

Front 63

Evaporites

Back 63

chemical sediments that result from the evaporation of water

Front 64

Salt domes

Back 64

halite deposits that occur deep underground in huge, cylindrical structures that appear to have been forced up from below

Front 65

Organic sedimentary rocks

Back 65

rocks that are composed of "organic sediments"-(once-living plants and animals)

Front 66

Coal

Back 66

this a useful substance (considered to be a sedimentary rock) which appears to have formed from the remains of lush-green vegetation that were suddenly buried and compacted under high pressure and moderately high temperatures, causing chemical changes

Front 67

Fossil fuel

Back 67

things that are used as fuel and are derived from the remains of once-living things, such as coal

Front 68

Anthracite coal

Back 68

this is the most expensive coal to mine it is hard and shine black coal that burns slowly, but cleanly. it is located deep beneath the earth

Front 69

Bituminous coal

Back 69

this is the the most common form of coal and the most widely used

Front 70

Lignite coal

Back 70

a brown coal that gives off an offensive odor and large amounts of smoke this is the poorest quality coal

Front 71

Coal seems

Back 71

coal is found in these layered formations usually buried in other sedimentary rocks such as sandstone or shale

Front 72

Over burden

Back 72

the upper layer of the ground that miners usually strip away to expose the coal beneath

Front 73

Underground mining

Back 73

the method of coal mining wich counts for 60% of the world's total coal mining

Front 74

Longwall mining

Back 74

a type of mining in which 50% of the coal

mined underground is retrieved by using a rotating drum that travels down a 1,000 foot long track while grinding coal, and collecting the loose pieces

Front 75

Retreat mining

Back 75

a dangerous process of coal mining that does not leave valuable pillars of coal behind

Front 76

Metamorphism

Back 76

the change of a rock into a new type of rock that may occur through extreme heat and pressure

Front 77

Contact metamorphism

Back 77

this is when rocks are "baked" by contact with hot magma

Front 78

Foliated rocks

Back 78

rocks made up of layers like the leaves of a book

Front 79

Regional metamorphism

Back 79

a combination of heat and pressure caused by stress or movements of the cause which cause the rock to change over large areas

Front 80

Nonfoliated rocks

Back 80

rocks that cannot be split into thin layers