Science- (Earth And Space) Chapter 1

Front 1

Science

Back 1

the study of the matter and the movement of God's physical creation.

Front 2

Matter

Back 2

the substance of the physical world; (anything that occupies space or has substance)

Front 3

Pedology

Back 3

the study of soil

Front 4

Scientific Method

Back 4

an organized way of the scientific method which includes hypothesizing, observing, and experimenting.

Hint 4

1. Hypothesis - a sensible explanation

2. Observation - gathering data about nature in an orderly way

3. Experimentation- methodically testing hypothesis

Front 5

Theory

Back 5

a way of explaining an object or event, by using a set of facts

Front 6

Law

Back 6

a theory that has never been proven false

Front 7

experimental groups

Back 7

the groups on which tests are preformed

Front 8

Control group

Back 8

the group used as a standard for comparison

Front 9

Constants

Back 9

conditions that stay the same in both the control group and the experimental group

Front 10

Variables

Back 10

conditions present only in a experimental group

Front 11

Atoms

Back 11

the most basic units of matter

Front 12

Molecules

Back 12

atoms linked together in groups

Front 13

Mass

Back 13

measures the amount of matter in an object

Front 14

Weight

Back 14

Measures the pull of gravity on a object

Front 15

Volume

Back 15

the amount of space that matter takes up

Front 16

Density

Back 16

measures how tightly packed matter is; it can be defined as the mass

Front 17

organic material

Back 17

material primarily derived from living organisms

Front 18

Mineral materials

Back 18

materials primarily derived from nonliving matter, such as minerals and rocks

Front 19

Humus

Back 19

a substance composed of decayed organism particles

Hint 19

decompose (break down)

Front 20

Recycling

Back 20

the reuse of old materials

Front 21

Weathering

Back 21

the process that breaks rocks down into soil

Front 22

Soil Horizons (layers)

Back 22

1. Topsoil

2. Subsoil

3. Bedrock

Front 23

Sand

Back 23

coarse, gritty and large particles allow water into the soil

Front 24

Silt

Back 24

has particles that are smaller than sand; some are so fine, that they can only be seen with a microscope

Front 25

Clay

Back 25

has the smallest, and therefore the most tightly packed particles. (These are viewed with an electron microscope)

Front 26

Pedologists

Back 26

scientists who study soil

Front 27

Silty soil

Back 27

contains a high weight percentage of silt

Front 28

Sandy soil

Back 28

contains a high weight percentage of sand

Front 29

Clayey soil

Back 29

has the highest weight percentage of clay

Front 30

Loam

Back 30

contains a range of sand, silt, clay,and humus mixtures

Front 31

Munsell charts

Back 31

are charts that petrologists use, which contain color strips that provide the standard names and descriptions of colors

Hint 31

The color of soil depends on the amount of organic matter and types of minerals present

Front 32

pH scale

Back 32

chemists use this scale to express the degree of acidity or basicity of a substance

Hint 32

most plants grow bests in soil that is neutral or slightly acidic

Front 33

Nutrients

Back 33

nourishing substances

Front 34

1. Nitrogen

2. Phosphorus

3. Potassium

Back 34

the most important mineral nutrients for plants

Hint 34

these are called the "primary plant food elements"

Front 35

Phosphates

Back 35

a group of chemicals containing the element phosphorus bonded to oxygen and other elements

Front 36

Nitrogen cycle

Back 36

a process in which nitrogen is moved from the air to the soil to be used by plants and returned to the atmosphere to be used again

Front 37

Compounds

Back 37

substances containing two or more elements bonded together

Front 38

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Back 38

these bacteria get their name from the process of nitrogen fixation, which converts elements to nitrogen, like that found in the atmosphere into nitrogen compounds

Front 39

Nitrifying bacteria

Back 39

the process in which ammonia is converted to nitrates by other kinds of bacteria

Front 40

Denitrifying bacteria

Back 40

these return nitrogen in the soil to the atmosphere by converting nitrogen from nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen

Front 41

Fritz Haber

Back 41

developed a process that uses hydrogen gas and atmospheric nitrogen to produce ammonia, which can be converted into nitrates or other nitrogen compounds as needed

Hint 41

(most of the ammonia and nitrates used by man are now made through the Haber process)

Front 42

Pore spaces

Back 42

the roots of plants use oxygen from the air found in the __________ of the soil

Front 43

Saturated

Back 43

this term is used when pore spaces become completely filled with water, and the soil and porous rocks become "packed" or _________

Front 44

Ground water

Back 44

any collected water bellow the soil's surface

Front 45

Water table

Back 45

the upper surface of ground water

Front 46

Aquifer

Back 46

ground water that frequently collects in layers of either porous rock or a gravel-soil mixture that can hold water form this...

Front 47

Artesian well

Back 47

a man made "self pumping" well

Front 48

Capillarity or "Capillary action"

Back 48

the upward movement of water through a tiny space in response to surface tension