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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Matter |
Anything that has mass and occupies space |
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All hazardous materials have a label showing at hazard symbol... list two examples |
Window cleaner contains ammonia which is toxic and corrosive car batteries contain sulfuric acid which is also toxic and corrosive and lead which is toxic |
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Every hazard symbol contains two pieces of information. What are these two pieces of information |
The shape tells you how hazardous substances is The symbol tells you the type of hazard |
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WHMIS |
Workplace hazardous materials information system |
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Caustic |
Corrosive |
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MSDS |
Materials and safety data sheets... Their information sheets about specific chemicals |
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States of matter |
Matter exists as a solid liquid and gas Plasma is the fourth state of matter. Some examples of this are found in lighting, neon signs, and stars such as our son. Plasma result when a large amount of energy is added to gas |
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Melting |
Solid to a liquid |
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Evaporation |
Liquid to a gas. Also known as vaporization |
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Condensation |
Gas to a liquid |
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Freezing |
Liquid to a solid |
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Sublimation |
Solid to a gas |
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Deposition |
Gas to a solid |
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Properties |
Characteristics that can be used to describe a substance. |
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What are the two types of properties all matter can be described with |
Physical properties and chemical properties |
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Physical properties |
Properties that describe the physical appearance and composition of a substance |
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Physical change |
Change in the appearance or state of a substance that does not change the composition |
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When a substance undergoes a physical change its appearance or state may be altered but it's ___________ stays the same. What's an example |
Composition An example is melted chocolate ice cream has the same composition as frozen chocolate ice cream |
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Physical properties include... 11 (List 5) |
color, Lusture, melting point, boiling point, hardness, malleability, ductility, crystal shape, solubility, density, conductivity |
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Chemical property |
Describes how a substance interacts with other substances |
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List the five examples of chemical properties |
Reaction with acids Ability to burn Reaction with water Behavior in air Reaction to heat |
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Chemical change |
change that results when two or more substances react to create a different substance or substances, the new substances have completely different properties from the original ones. An example is... after you cook an egg you cannot uncook it |
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All matter is a _____ ____ or a ___________ |
Pure substance or a mixture |
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How can you figure out if a substance is pure or mixture |
Use physical and chemical properties |
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Pure substance |
Made of only one kind of matter... For example Mercury and sugar |
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Pure substance can be one of two things... What are these |
All pure substances can be an element or a compound |
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Element |
cannot be broken down into any simpler substance... It's the basic building block for all compounds and has a unique symbol for example o is for oxygen |
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Compound |
When two elements combine chemically they form a compound |
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Mixture |
Combination of pure substances |
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Mechanical mixture |
All different substances are visible Heterogeneous An example is mixed vegetables |
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Solution |
Different substances are not visible Homogeneous Sugar in hot coffee |
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Suspension |
Cloudy mixture in which tiny particles of one substance are held within another If you let it sit, it'll separate An example is tomato juic |
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Colloid |
One substance is split up into tiny particles and spread around another substance Cannot be easily separated An example is milk |
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A mixture can take one of four forms... What are those four forms |
Mechanical mixture, solution, suspension, colloid |
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Physical change |
Means the material changes from one substance to another It can change back to its original state |
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Chemical change |
Two or more materials react in create a new material with completely different properties |
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Evidence of a chemical change...4 |
Change in color Change in odor Formation of a new solid (precipitate) or gas Release or absorption of heat |
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The first chemist lived before _____ |
8000 BC |
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Where did the first chemists live |
In an area now called the middle East |
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Why is it known as the stone ages |
Because humans only use simple stone tools at the time. Medals had not been discovered |
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one of the first chemists learned how to start and control fire, they learn how to change a range of substances to their advantage. What are some examples?? |
they could cook their food, fire-harden mud bricks to strengthen them, and make tougher tools. Eventually this ability to control fire led to the production of glass and ceramic material |
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Between 6000 BC and 1000 BC early chemists investigated only certin materials. What were they and why did they investigate these |
They only investigated materials that had a high value. Such as gold and copper. |
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Why was gold highly valued |
Because it has an attractive color and luster also it didn't tarnish it softness made it easy to shape into detailed designs, form wire, and beat into sheets. However because it was soft and could not be used for tools or weapons |
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Why was copper highly valued |
Because it could be made into pots, coins, tools, and jewelry. A piece of untreated copper is brittle, however when it is heated it becomes very useful because it can be rolled into sheets or stretched into long wires |
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Around 1200 BC a group of people in the middle East called ____ discovered how to what? What age began |
Hittites They discovered how to extract iron from rocks and turn it into a useful material. the Iron age. Eventually people learn to combine iron with carbon to produce an even harder material... Steel |
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What was steel used for |
Steel mint sharper blades could be fashion for hunting and stronger armor could be built to protect soldiers in battle |
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What does the word chemistry mean |
It's comes from the Greek word khemeia Which means means juice of a planet |
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Who were the first people to develop theories about the structure of matter |
Philosophers |
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Philosophers |
People who think about the world in humans place in it. Rather than performing experiments on the nature of matter, early philosophers just thought about the structure of matter. The explanations and theories were based on ideas, not experimental evidence |
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The idea that all matter is made up of particles started with who and when |
Greek philosophers about 2500 years ago |
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Atomos |
Democritus use this word to describe the smallest particles that cannot be broken down further. Atomos means invisible |
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What did Democritus believe what happens when you mix different atomos |
He believes you can make new materials with their own unique properties. |
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Who was Aristotle |
He was a Greek philosopher in about 350 BC. he believed that everything was made of earth, air, fire, and water. Because Aristotle was well-known and respected, his description of matter was preferred over democritus's description for 2000 years |
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For the next two thousand years after Democrats time, experiments with matter remain that carried out by who |
Alchemists... People were part magician and part scientist The word alchemy comes from the Arabic word alkimiya meaning the chemist |
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Pseudo science |
What we call the study about the meat today it means an activity that is not a real science because it includes the use of magic |
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What was something alchemists believed was possible |
they believed it was possible to change metals into gold. However they were not interested in understanding the nature of matter |
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Who performed most of the first chemistry experiments |
Alchemists |
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Plaster of Paris |
A white powdery combination of chemical substances that, when mixed with water, become a quick hardening paste |
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Robert Boyle |
He was in Irish aristocrat living in London. He devoted his life to scientific inquiry |
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Laurent lavoisier |
French scientist in the 1770s, studied chemical interactions. By the late 1780s, he had developed a system for naming chemicals. There's was important, for now all scientists could use the same words to describe their observations Father of modern chemistry |
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How did Lavoisier use his naming system |
He define some of the substances discovered at that time, including hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon. |
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John Dalton |
English scientist in 1808, he is the observations from his experiments to develop is on theory of consumption of matter. He said that matter was made up of elements. He was the first to define an element as a pure substance that contains no other substances. Gold, oxygen, and chlorine are examples he put forward the first modern theory of atomic structure. He stated that each element is composed of a particle called an atom. |
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What did John Dalton say about the atom |
He said that all atoms in a particular element are identical in mass, and no two atoms have the same mass. Meaning all oxygen atoms have the same mass, which is different from the mass of chlorine atoms. Sometimes called billiard ball model |
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JJ Thompson |
Continued on delton's work on the structure of an atom.
First person to discover a subatomic particle He experimented with cathode rays, and concluded that the Rays were made up of streams of negatively charged particles. He showed that the particles were much smaller in mass than even a hydrogen atom. He called them electrons. Proposed the raisin fan model, he described the atom as a positively charged sphere and which negatively charged electrons were embedded like raisins in a bun |
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Subatomic particle |
A particle smaller than an atom |
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Ernest ruthford |
From experiments with high-speed particles ruthford was able to infer the existence of an atom's nucleus |
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Hantaro nagaoka's model |
Show the atom has a positive spirit around which electrons orbit in a ring, like Earth orbiting the Sun |
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How did ancient Egyptians preserve bodies |
They wrapping them and cloth soaked in the resin from juniper trees |
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Who was mendeleev |
Collected the 63 known elements during his time and started them into a pattern based on their properties by creating this chart he realized there was some gaps where he assumed new elements would be discovered based on their properties he predicted 118 elements are known today |
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What symbols did early chemists use and what did they represent |
They use symbols of the Sun and planets to represent the seven metallic elements known at the time |
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By the early 1800s more than how many elements had been identified |
30 |
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Who is one of the first to attempt to create a better system
(Elements symbols) |
John Dalton, he also created a new set of symbols |
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John Jacob berzelius |
He modified John Dalton's element symbols by suggesting to use letters rather than symbols. The first letter (capitalized) of an element named would become the symbol |
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John Newlands |
Noticed that when elements were listed by increasing atomic mass, the properties seem to repeat at regular intervals He called this pattern the law of octaves |
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The periodic table is made up of a series of boxes in ________ and ________ |
Rows and columns |
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The periodic table
Each horizontal row is called a _____
Each vertical column is a _____ or _____ |
Period, numbered 1 to 7
Group or family numbered 1 to 18 |
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Symbol |
It's an abbreviation of the elements chemical name |
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Atomic number |
The number above the element symbol on the left Shows how many protons are in the nucleus of one atom of the element Because atoms are neutral the number of protons equals the number of electrons |
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Atomic mass |
Number below the elements name Tells you the total mass of all protons and neutrons in an atom This is an average, not allowed him to have exactly the same mass Measured by amu (atomic mass unit) |
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Mass number |
Represents the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom |
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How do you find the number of neutrons |
Mass number minus atomic number |
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How do you find the mass number |
Number of protons plus the number of neutrons |
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Properties of metals |
Shiny, malleable, ductile, conduct electricity |
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Nonmetal properties |
Solid or gas, doll, brittle. Called insulators because they do not conduct electricity except for carbon |
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Metalloid properties |
A mix of metal and non-metal properties |
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Four groups, numbered 1 to 18 or referred to by |
The first element in the column The exception is... Group one is split into two parts, hydrogen and the alkali metals |
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Periodic table... Right to left change from ______ to ______ |
Nonmetals two metals |
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Periodic table... Where do the most reactive metals start |
They start on the left and the middle is generally become less reactive as you move to the right |
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Alkali metals |
Found in group one, excluding hydrogen Most reactive metals React when exposed to air or water Move down the group, reactivity increases |
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Hallogens |
Group 2 Most reactive nonmetals Can be combined with other elements to form new substances with useful properties... For example sodium fluoride |
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Noble gases |
Group 18 Most stable and unreactive elements believe for a long time that the noble gases could never combine with other elements |
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Neil Bartlett |
In 1962 Neil Bartlett synthesized the first noble gas compound |
