Science: 4Th Mt (Feedback Mechanism-Protein Synthesis)

Front 1

What are the 5 hormones associated with reproduction in males

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GnRH, FSH, LH, INHIBIN, TESTOSTERONE

Front 2

Each male hormone has a special role to play in the development of the sex organs, secondary sexual char

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development of the sex organs, secondary sexual characteristics, production of sperm cells

Front 3

GnrH is produced in

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Hypothalamus

Front 4

Target orgam of GnRH

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Pituitary gland

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Reason for target of GnRH

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Production of gonadotropins and luteinizing hormone

Front 6

Maintains the process in gonads and testosterone level

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LH

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sexual organs like testes for males

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GnRH-Gonadotropin-Gonad

Front 8

This signals the the production of two gonadotropins, the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the luteinizing hormone (LH)

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GNRH

Front 9

tHESE ARE CALLED _________ because of their role in maintaining the processin the gonads.

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Gonadotrophic hormones/ Gonadotropins

Front 10

These 2 hormones play a major role incontrolling testosterone levels in males.

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FSH AND LH

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GnRH level duringchildhood are ____

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Low

Front 12

GnRH level duringchildhood are low. However, as the individual reaches puberty, thelevels increase which consequently triggers the _____

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ONSET OF SEXUAL MATURATION

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This includes the development ofsecondary sex characteristics.

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SEXUAL MATURATION

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FSH IS PRODUCED IN THE

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ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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FSH TARGET ORGAN

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TESTES

Front 16

FS REASON FOR TARGET

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SERTOLI CELLS & LEYDIG CELLS

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NURSE CELLS

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SERTOLI CELLS

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CELL FOR SPERMATOGENESIS

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SERTOLI CELLS

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TERM FOR CREATION OF SPERM

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SPERMATOGENESIS

Front 20

Androgen& Testosterone

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LEYDIG CELLS

Front 21

: a hormone cannot release other hormones, BECAUSE HORMONES COMES FROM _____

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GLANDS

Front 22

Ø needed to facilitate the secretion of FSH. This happened during the puberty stage of an individual.

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GNRH

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plays an importantrole in the development of sperm cells in males.

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FSH

Front 24

Ø It stimulates theSertoli cells in the testis. This initiates the increase and maintenancein levels of testosterone in Leydig cells.

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FSH

Front 25

the cells that arefound adjacent to seminiferous tubulesthat produces testosterone.

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LEYDIG CELLS

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These cells initiate and maintainspermatogenesis in the testicles.

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LEYDIG CELLS

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LH REASON FOR TARGET

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LEYDIG CELLS

Front 28

needed to initiateand maintain spermatogenesis.​

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ANDROGEN & TESTOSTERONE (LEYDIG CELLS)

Front 29

To be specific, theLH affects the

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LEYDIG CELLS

Front 30

These cells increasesthe levels of testosterone which is required to initiate and maintainspermatogenesis.

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LEYDIG CELLS

Front 31

Ø Main sex hormones of males

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TESTOSTERONE

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TESTOSTERONE IS PRODUCED IN

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TESTES

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2 PURPOSES OF TESTOSTERONE

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a) Initiate and maintenance of spermatogenesis.​

b) Development of secondary sex characteristics.​

Front 34

Ø is the male hormone that is responsible for the initiationand maintenance of spermatogenesis.

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TESTOSTERONE

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Ø This hormone is also responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics.

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TESTOSTERONE

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secondary sexcharacteristics include

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PUBIC, FACIAL, AND ARMPIT HAIR, BROADENING OF SHOULDERS, ENLARGEMENT OF PENIS AND TESTICLES, START OF SEX DRIVE

Front 37

SERTOLI CELLS PRODUCE ______ WHEN SPERM COUNT IS TOO HIGH

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INHIBIN

Front 38

2 PURPOSES OF INHIBIN

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a) Secreted when sperm count is too high.

b) Signal pituitary gland to reduce FSH.

Front 39

Should your body keep producing hormones or it is time to stop producinghormones.

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FEEDBACK MECHANISM

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Interaction between hormones to identify if there will be a productionor reduction.

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FEEDBACK MECHANISM

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nagdaragdag or produces hormones

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POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

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nagbabawas kapagsobra na yung production.

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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

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They also play a role in regulating the female reproductive systemtogether with estrogen and progesterone.

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GNRH, FSH, LH

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The main differenceof female and male hormones is their

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FUNCTION & WHAT THEY TRIGGER

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Ø it stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce the gonadotropinsFSH and LH

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GNRH

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Ø Creation/ Maturation of egg cells.

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OOGENESIS/OVAGENESIS

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Stimulates the production of eggs,

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FSH

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EGGS DEVELOP IN ____

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OVARIAN FOLLICLE

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Ø It also trigger productionof the female hormone called estrogen.

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FSH

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FSH trigger production of the female hormone called

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ESTROGEN

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Together with theFSH, _____ stimulates the production of estrogen,

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LH

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Together with theFSH, LH stimulates the production of estrogen, specifically theproduction of one of the three forms of estrogen, _____

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OESTRADIOL/ESTRADIOL

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Our body continues toproduce this form of estrogen, even after menopause

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ESTRONE

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1) The main hormone itself (from childhood to being adult)

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OESTRADIOL/ESTRADIOL

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Main female hormoneused for entire life (aromatizes testosterone)

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OESTRADIOL/ESTRADIOL

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It is high duringpregnancy

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ESTRIOL

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Ø Secreted by ovaries and ovarian follicles

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ESTROGEN

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Ø Develop secondary sexcharacteristics during puberty. ​ (breast, body shape, pubic and underarm hair development)

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ESTROGEN

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Ø Plays a major role in pregnancyand menstruation

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ESTROGEN

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Ø Thickens uterine lining.​ (In preparation for implantation of fertilized eggs)

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ESTROGEN

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PROGESTERONE IS SECRETED BY ____ IN THE OVARY

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CORPUS LUTEUM

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Ø Aid in thickening uterine lining (stop contracts)​

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PROGESTERONE

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Responsible for maintainingpregnancy

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PROGESTERONE

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Ø stop the production of FSH and LH​

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PROGESTERONE

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During pregnancy, progesterone inhibitsthe production of ____ AND ___ ; HENCE NO MENSTRUAL PERIOD

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FSH AND LH

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The menstrual cyclecan be divided into 4 stages

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Follicle stage, Ovulation stage, Corpus Luteumstage, and Menstrual flow stage.

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FOLLICLE STAGE IS ALSO KNOWN AS

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FOLLICULAR PHASE

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The ______ travelsto the ovaries and initiates maturation of one follicle in an ovary.

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FSH

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is secreted by themature follicle.

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ESTROGEN

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Ø signals the uterus to thicken the uterine lining.

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ESTROGEN

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During this stage, ____ and ____ are released into the ovaries from the pituitary gland in the brain.

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FSH AND LH

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stimulates the growthof follicles growth also decreases. Only

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FSH AND LH

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HOW MANY MATURE FOLLICLE MATURES

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1

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Only one maturefollicle matures, which will eventually rupture and release the egg during ___

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OVULATION

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Ø perfect time to get pregnant

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OVULATION STAGE

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The continuesincrease of estrogen level during follicle stage will trigger a ______in LH

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SURGE

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the ____causes ruptureof the follicle that leads to release of egg.

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LH

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The released egg willthen travel to the _____where fertilization occurs

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FALLOPIAN TUBE

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Ø is formed from the ruptured follicle when the egg is released.

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CORPUS LUTEUM

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If the egg isfertilized, corpus luteum secretes

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ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

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If pregnancy does notoccur, the corpus luteum becomes inactive and part of the

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MENSTRUAL FLOW

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Ditomagcocombine/magfoform/magccrumple ‘yung balat na galing sa follicle stage

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CORPUS LUTEUM STAGE

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CORPUS LUTEUM STAGE OR

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“LUTEAL PHASE”

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Ø Shedding, pagdudugo, menstruation

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MENSTRUAL FLOW STAGE

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The high levels of _________ decreases the secretion of LH.

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PROGESTERONE

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Ø This causes the corpus luteum to degenerate.

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HIGH LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE

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Consequently, theuterine lining sloughs off in the form of menstrual blood. This process iscalled

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MENSTRUATION

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DAY 1-5

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MENSTRUAL PERIOD

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DAY 6-12

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FOLLICLE STAGE

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DAY 13-15

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OVULATION STAGE

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DAY 16-28

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LUTEAL PHASE

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state of internalbalance in the body.

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HOMEOSTASIS

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Refers to process bywhich biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing externalconditions.​

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HOMEOSTASIS

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Ø This is one of the primary functions of the endocrine system.

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HOMEOSTASIS

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Ø _____ IN OUR BODY may cause illness or negative health effects

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IMBALANCE

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Ø stable/balanced/equal (may tumataas, may bumababa). So we can adjust ourbody to the internal and external conditions

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STABILITY

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RESPONSIBLE FOR HORMONE REGULATION

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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CONTROLS OTHER BODY SYSTEM

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

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The endocrine systemworks together with the

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

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The word “Homeostasis” came from the 2 greekwords

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HOMEO AND STASIS

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"homeo," meaning

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SAME

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stasis," meaning

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STANDING

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Ø the literal meaning of homeostasis.

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STANDING OR STAYING THE SAME

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When blood sugarlevel rises, the Pancreas will be triggered to release or secretE

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INSULIN

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After eatingsomething sweet such as cake, candy, and chocolates, the blood sugar level willstart to

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RISE

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Insulin prompts body cells to take in ____

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GLUCOSE

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converts glucose into long chains calledglycogen

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LIVER

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(a form of sugar butstored or hindi ginagamit, parang fats na naka-store ‘yung energy)

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GLYCOGEN

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When blood sugarlevel decreases, the Pancreas will be triggered to release or secretE

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GLUCAGON

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______ TRIGGERS THE ______ TO BREAK OUT GLYCOGEN

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GLUCAGON, LIVER

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If the Calcium levels in the blood rise above aset point the Thyroid Gland releases

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CALCITONIN

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If the Calcium levels fall below a set point Parathyroid gland in the thyroid release

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PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) PARATHORMONE

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Highly organized and complex collection of neurons

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

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Ø Coordinates body’s feedback mechanism for homeostasis.​

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

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Ø It works all around our body

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

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Ø There’s a collaborationbetween neuro and endocrine

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NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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Ø The basic building block of the nervous system.

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NEURONS

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Ø Unit/cell na pinaka gingaamit sa nervous system

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NEURONS

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Ø Tiny red spots are neurons

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NEURONS

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SENSORY NEURONS

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AFFERENT

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MOTOR NEURONS

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EFFERENT

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1) receive message from senses and send it to the CNS.​

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AFFERENT

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send message from CNSto the different parts of the body to execute action.​

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EFFERENT

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o Whatever being sent or messaged from CNS toexecute action (gagawin ng katawan natin)

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EFFERENT

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Ano man ‘yung natatanggap/receive ng ating senses, is binabalik sa CNS or Central Nervous Sytem

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AFFERENT

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o CNS pababa sa aating katawan, diff parts of ourbody

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EFFERENT

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CNS CONSISTS OF

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SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN

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Ø serve as thecommand Center that receives and gives order.​

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SPINAL CORD & BRAIN (CNS)

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Ø Everyinformation that is coming in and out of our body is pumupunta sa _____

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CNS

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Is made up of nervesand sensory organs

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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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receives the signaland execute the command.

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PNS

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Ø Creates our sensory organ

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PNS

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Naapektuhan tayo sa atingenvironment/surroundings because of our

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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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Connected saEndocrine System

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PNS

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SOMATIC REFERS TO THE ____ OR ____ MOVEMENTS

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VOLUNTARY & CONTROLLED

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Ø Involves the external environment.​

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SOMATIC

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NERVES OF SPINAL CORD

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SPINAL NERVES

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a) nerves of the brain.​

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CRANIAL NERVES

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Refers to the involuntary or uncontrolled movements.

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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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o Beating of our heart, paglalaway, lungs

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AUTONOMIC

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o Pagtaas ng kamay, pagbend ng ulo

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SOMATIC

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a) when the body is active or stress ​

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SYMPATHETIC

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o fight or flight, iniicrease niya ‘yung energy ngbody mo para maging alert ka (your body is stressed - iniinvrease yung energyng body para maging alert - tinataas yung energy)

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SYMPATHETIC

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Parasympathetic keeps body functions and returns our body to

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NORMAL OR RELAXED MODE

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o Pinapabagal niya, pinag rerelax ka niya, cooldown (to keep your body to function normally - pagrelax cool down)

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PARASYMPATHETIC

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Ø The blueprint of life, the set of instructions thatdictate what an organism is.

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DNA

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Uncoiled

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DNA

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COILED

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CHROMOSOMES

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DNA IS ALSO CALLED

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NUCLEIC ACIDS

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NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE WHAT MOLECULES

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MACROMOLECULES

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Malaking moleculesthat our body needs.

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MACROMOLECULES

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Ø Repair and build your body’s tissues.

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PROTEINS

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o Nutrients forfood, for building muscles, and made up of amino acids.

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PROTEINS

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o Molecules thatthe body needs. It helps to fix kung ano yung malio . HelpS sa differentprocesses sa body

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PROTEIN

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Ø Copy, duplicate, reproducing

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REPLICATION

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Ø Nucleic acid present in all living cells, single stranded, similar toDNA

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RNA

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Ø Kind of a protein, help to speed up metabolism, helps fordigestion

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ENZYMES

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Are considered as proteins.

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ENZYMES

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o They serve as catalysts for body reaction /pampabilis.

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ENZYMES/PROTEINS

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Ø Basic unit of life

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CELLS

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Ø Foundation that creates all living things. (All living things have ____)

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CELLS

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Dito nag reresideang ating DNA, specifically sa _______.

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CELL & NUCLEUS

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Nakatago sa Nucleus ‘yung DNA and naka-disguise as ____

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CHROMOSOMES

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Thread-likestructures made up of coiled DNA

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CHROMOSOMES

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Ø Coiled form of DNA and is a very long chain.

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CHROMOSOMES

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22for Autosome & 1 pair for ______

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SEX CHROMOSOME

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Ø We have ____ chromosomes in total as humans.

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46

Front 168

pairs of bodychromosomes or body cells

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23

Front 169

Kapag may sobra orextra PAIR OF CHROMONES its called

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DOWN SYNDROME

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XX

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FEMALE

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XY

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MALE

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Ø The genetic DNA itself. Tell and show everything about you (Features,organ, and etc.)

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DNA

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Ø Sequence of DNA.

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GENES

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a) (Specific part)

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GENES

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Ø Allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodilyfunctions.

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PROTEIN

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Ø Create enzymes which are a catalyst for our body processes.

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PROTEIN

Front 177

Ø Primary information-carryingmolecules in cells.

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NUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

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Basic building blockof nucleic acid

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NUCLEOTIDE

Front 179

The four major classes of biologicalmacromolecules are

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CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS

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Ø is an information carrier / carry all information needed by your body.

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NUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

Front 181

Ø are polymers made of long chains of nucleotides.

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DNA & RNA

Front 182

o this serves as a foundation, and it is also thebuilding block of Nucleic Acid.

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NUCLEOTIDE

Front 183

Ø consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose inRNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and anitrogen-containing base.

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NUCLEOTIDE

Front 184

Ø carbs energy

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SUGAR

Front 185

Ø they form phosphodiester bonds with the pentosesugars to create the sides of the DNA “ladder”

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PHOSPATE GROUP

Front 186

These phosphategroups are important, as they form ____

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phosphodiester bonds

Front 187

These phosphate groups are important, as they form phosphodiester bonds with the ____ To create the sides of the DNA “ladder”

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PENTOSE SUGAR

Front 188

are cruciallyimportant because the sequencing of them in DNA and RNA is the way informationis stored.

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NITROGENOUS BASES

Front 189

The discovery in 1953 of the double helix, thetwisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic

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Ø James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)​

Front 190

Ø is thegenetic material of organisms.​

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DNA

Front 191

once the information got out

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FRANCIS CRICK

Front 192

All the instructions needed for an organism todevelop, survive and reproduce.

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DNA

Front 193

carries geneticinformation that is translated by ribosomes into various proteins necessary for cellular processes. ​

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RNA

Front 194

The discovery of RNAbegan with the discovery of nucleic acids by

Back 194

Ø FriedrichMiescher

Front 195

The discovery of RNAbegan with the discovery of nucleic acids by Friedrich Miescher in 1868 whocalled the material ____ since it was found inthe nucleus.

Back 195

NUCLEIN

Front 196

HELIX

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RNA

Front 197

DOUBLE HELIX

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DNA

Front 198

LOCATION OF RNA

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INSIDE THE NUCLEUS AND IN RIBOSOMES

Front 199

DNA LOCATION

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INSIDE THE NUCLEUS

Front 200

COMPOSITION OF DNA

Back 200

ATGC (ADENINE-THYMINE) (GUANINE-CYTOSINE)

Front 201

RNA COMPOSITION

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AUGC (ADENINE-URACIK) (GUANINE-CYTOSINE)

Front 202

LONG TERM STORAGE OF GENETIC INFORMATION

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DNA

Front 203

USED TO TRANSFER GENETIC INFORMATION IN ORGANISMS

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RNA

Front 204

DNA PROPAGATION

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SELF REPLICATING

Front 205

RNA PROPAGATION

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SYNTHESIZED FROM DNA ON AN AS-NEEDED BASIS

Front 206

o Two ladder (chain of nucleotides)

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DOUBLE HELIX/DNA

Front 207

Also carry genetic materialsbut it’s main function is for protein synthesis

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RNA

Front 208

pinagcocombinegamit phosphate to give information.

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BASES

Front 209

allows nucleotides toconnect with one another. Need magkakaconnect to create DNA.

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PHOSPHATE

Front 210

Ø has a higher resistance to photochemical mutation and makes the geneticcode more durable

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THYMINE

Front 211

uses Thymine

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DNA

Front 212

Ø it requires less energy to produce.

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URACIL

Front 213

Explains the flow ofgenetic information, from DNA to RNA, to make a functional product, a protein

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CENTRAL DOGMA

Front 214

o DNA to DNA

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DNA REPLICATION

Front 215

nagpaparami ngsarili.

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SELF REPLICATION

Front 216

DNA to RNA

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TRANSCRIPTION

Front 217

o May script that serves as copy or guide.Kailangan mo ng script and guide from DNA para makagawa ng RNA

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RNA

Front 218

RNA – PROTEIN

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TRANSLATION

Front 219

o From DNA to creating protein (which is veryimportant in our body)

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TRANSLATION

Front 220

You need _____ inyour diet to help your body repair cells and make new ones.

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PROTEIN

Front 221

Is alsoimportant for growth and development in children, teens, and pregnant women.

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PROTEIN

Front 222

Ø Ensure cell has exact copy of DNA. ​

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DNA REPLICATION

Front 223

Ø Proper transmission of genetic material from parents to offspring.​

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DNA REPLICATION

Front 224

Ø each strand serves as template for making a copy.

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SEMI-CONSERVATIVE

Front 225

Ø When combined, it forms a_____, a fertilizedegg.

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ZYGOTE

Front 226

Enzyme HELICASE UNZIPS the DNA to expose thebases.​

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INITIATION

Front 227

INITIATION PROCESS USES WHAT ENZYME

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HELICASE

Front 228

IN ELONGATION,_____ STARTS THE ATTACHMENT OF BASES

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PRIMASE

Front 229

BOND THE BASES AND RECOIL

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TERMINATION

Front 230

Ø - unwind the double helix to expose base.​

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HELIX

Front 231

Ø prevent the rejoining of strand.​

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(SSB) SINGLE-STRAND BINDING PROTEINS

Front 232

Ø Replication fork​

Back 232

INITIATION

Front 233

prevent DNA fromsupercoiling

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TOPOISOMERASE

Front 234

Words ending with“ase” are

Back 234

ENZYMES

Front 235

DNA has doublestrands. Magkakaroon ng bonding dahil sa

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PHOSPHATE

Front 236

Ø breaks the bonding which results in a singlestrand.

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HELICASE

Front 237

STARTING POINT

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(PRIMASE)

Front 238

– place primers(starting point) placed to trigger the start of attachment of bases.

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RNA PRIMASE

Front 239

Hindi mo alam saanmagsisimula dahil sobrang haba ng DNA. (Long chain of nucleotides). Which iswhy we need ____ because it starts the process

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RNA PRIMASE

Front 240

Ø starting on the primer; add the nucleotides (Direction 5’ to 3’)

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DNA POLYMERASE

Front 241

ENZYMES USED IN ELONGATION

Back 241

RNA PRIMASE & DNA POLYMERASE

Front 242

o long chain of nucleotides.

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DNA

Front 243

After maglagay ngprimer, the DNA polymerase will attach nucleotides para makapaglagay ng mga

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COMPLEMENTARY BASES

Front 244

· combination of old and new strands.

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SEMI-CONSERVATIVE

Front 245

· continuous (follow the helicase) - taas

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LEADING STRAND

Front 246

· discontinuous (against the direction ofhelicase) – baba

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LAGGING STRAND

Front 247

segments ofduplicated DNA)

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OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

Front 248

fills the gap betweenbases fragment. ​

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LIGASE

Front 249

ENZYMES USED IN TERMINATION

Back 249

DNA POLYMERASE & LIGASE

Front 250

patapos na yungduplication.

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TERMINATION

Front 251

ends with a circle orblog (coiled DNA) na magiging chromosome.

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DNA

Front 252

· Without ____, we couldn't create or produceprotein

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DNA

Front 253

making of RNA fromDNA.

Back 253

TRANSCRIPTION

Front 254

1) protein synthesis (decoding the RNA) ​

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TRANSLATION

Front 255

· molecules carry the coding sequences for proteinsynthesis and are called transcripts;

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mRNA

Front 256

- the message or the script. The Code.

Back 256

mRNA

Front 257

- Nagdadala ng information na ginawa ng DNA

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mRNA

Front 258

· molecules form the core of a cell's ribosomes(the structures in which protein synthesis takes place);

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rRNA

Front 259

· molecules form the core of a cell's ribosomes(the structures in which protein synthesis takes place);

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tRNA

Front 260

Transcription occursinside the

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NUCLEUS

Front 261

1) RNA polymerase find the promoter (primer). ​

Back 261

INITIATION (TO CREATE MRNA)

Front 262

polymerase readstrand to create mRNA.

Back 262

ELONGATION (TO CREATE MRNA)

Front 263

- Terminator sequence stop the process or mRNA.mRNA will go out of nucleus to ribosomes

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TERMINATION (MRNA)

Front 264

mRNA - from the nucleus, will go out to

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CYTOPLASM

Front 265

- mRNA - from the nucleus, will go out toc cytoplasm which contains

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RIBOSOMES

Front 266

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSLATION OCCURS IN

Back 266

CYTOPLASM

Front 267

has proteins and rRNA

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RIBOSOMES

Front 268

attaches the amino acid to form poly peptidechain.

Back 268

TRNA

Front 269

START CODON

Back 269

AUG

Front 270

STOP CODON

Back 270

UAG, UGA UAA

Front 271

1 codon = ___ bases.

Back 271

3

Front 272

Ø carrying codons paired to mRNA.

Back 272

TRNA

Front 273

Protein is made up of

Back 273

AMINO ACIDS

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Each codon contains

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AMINO ACIDS

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a long chain of aminoacids called polypeptide and peptide chain

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PROTEIN

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Codons are glued by _____ tocreate peptide chainNucleic acid for nucleotides

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PEPTIDE BOND