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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the dominant trait in height for pea plants?
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tall
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What are the factors that determine the traits of an organism?
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genes
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What name is given to an organism that has two different alleles for a trait?
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hybrid
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What name is given to an organism that has two of the same alleles for a trait?
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purebred
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What name is given to an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait?
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homozygous
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An organism that has two different alleles for a trait is said to be ____ for that trait
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heterozygous
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What is a number that describes how likely it is that something will occur
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probability
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What is used to show the possible outcomes of a genetic cross
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prediction
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What term refers to an organisms physical appearance
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phenotype
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What term means the genetic makeup of an organism
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genotype
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What term is used for traits that are neither dominant nor recessive
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codominant
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genes are carried from parent to offspring on chromosomes
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chromosome theory of inheritance
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what process results in four daughter cells each having half the total number of chromosomes as the body cell
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meisosis
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what is the process determind by the order of nitrogen bases along a gene
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genetic code
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what structure carries amino acids to the ribisomes and adds them to growing protiens
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transfer RNA
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what structure copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus and carries the message to the ribisome in the cytoplasm
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messenger RNA
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what is any change in a gene or chromosome
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mutation
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what are the physical characteristics that are studied in genetics
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heredity
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what are different forms of a gene
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alleles
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where does protein synthesis occur
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on the ribisomes inside the cytoplasm of a cell
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what are the four nitrogen bases in DNA
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guanine, thymine, cytosine, adenine
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what are the four nitrogen bases in RNA
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guanine, adenine, uracil, cytosine
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what is made up of many genes joined together
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DNA
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what is an example of a trait controlled by a single gene with multiple alleles
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human blood type
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what are three or more forms of a gene that code for one trait
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multiple alleles
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why does skin color and height have such a wide variety of phenotypes
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different combinations for alleles
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what do geneticists use to trace the human inheritance of traits
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pedigree
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what human genetic disorder cause the production of abnormally thick mucus in the intestines and lungs
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cystic fibrosis
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what is a picture of all the chromosomes in one cell
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karyotype
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what is the process by which a genetically identical organism can be produced
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cloning
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what is all of the DNA in one cell of an organism
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genome
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What was use to determine the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome
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human genome project
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what do scientists have to know in order to produce a specific protein
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the order of the nitrogen bases along a gene
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What are the four major blood types
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A,B,AB,O
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What genetic process is used to produce an organism with the desirable traits of two different organisms
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selective breeding
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what are the two types of selective breeding
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inbreeding & hybridization
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What do we call a person with one dominant and one recessive allele for a trait
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a carrier
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what would each parent have to contribute for a girl to be colorblind
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two recessive alleles
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What causes the extra 21st chromosome which results in downsyndrome
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when chromosomes fail to separate properly
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What disorder involves abnormally shaped red blood cells
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sickle cell disease
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what disorder involves the production of abnormal hemoglobin
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hemophelia
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What are preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past
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fossils
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what are traits that help organisms survive
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adaptation
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what is the gradual change in a species over time
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evolution
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what term is used to describe the process by which a species produces more offspring than can survive
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overproduction
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what is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to there environment are more likely to survive
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natural selection
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what is a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other to produce fertile offspring
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species
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traits controlled by only what factor can be acted upon by natural selection
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genes
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what are differences between members of the same species
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variations
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what are similar structures possed by related species called
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homologous structures
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what is the complete separation of some members of a species from the rest of the species
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isolation
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what is a diagram showing how scientists believe different groups of organisms are related
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a branching tree
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how do fossils generally form
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when organisms that die become buried in sediments
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What process is used to determine the approximate actual age of a fossil
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radioactive dating
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what process is used to determine which of two fossils is older
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relative dating
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how are fungi similar to animals
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they are both heterotrophs
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what type of reproduction involves two parents
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sexual reproduction
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what type of reproduction involves one parent
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asexual reproduction
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What are the three shapes of bacterial cells
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rodlike, spherical, spiral
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what process results in bacteria which are genetically different from their parents
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conjugation
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what process results in bacteria which are genetically identical to their parents
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binary fission
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what causes the formation of endospores in bacteria
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harsh conditions
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what are three important duties of the helpful bacteria living in the human body
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oxygen production, food production, environmental recycling
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what is the single best treatment for viral infections
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bed rest
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what can be done as treatment for viral infections
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drink lots of fluids & over the counter drugs
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What is used to activate the bodys natural defenses
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vaccine
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Why are viruses considered to be nonliving
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they cant reproduce
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What is the process by which food is broken down to release energy
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respiration
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what provides the energy for a virus
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the host
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what type of virus becomes part of the hosts genetic material and later becomes active
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hidden virus
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what cell organelles are always found in bacterial cells
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cytoplasm
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