Science

Front 1

Crust

Back 1

The outermost solid layer of Earth

Front 2

Mantle

Back 2

Not liquid. It is ductile or plastic. Some parts can flow under certain conditions and changes in pressure

Front 3

Core

Back 3

The innermost layers of Earth, mainly composed of nickel and iron

Front 4

Lithosphere

Back 4

Outermost layer that includes the crust and mantle

Front 5

Asthenosphere

Back 5

Under lithosphere, about 100km thick. This region of mantle flows easily

Front 6

Mesosphere

Back 6

Encompasses the lower mantle where materials can flow but at a slower rate

Front 7

Outer core

Back 7

A layer of liquid iron and nickel. The only layer that is true liquid

Front 8

Hydrosphere

Back 8

All the water on Earth in liquid form

Front 9

Biosphere

Back 9

All living organisms and ecosystems

Front 10

Cryosphere

Back 10

All masses of frozen water

Front 11

Atmosphere

Back 11

The layer of gasses that surround the planet (nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide)

Front 12

Troposphere

Back 12

Where earth's weather occurs (0-12km above earth)

Front 13

Stratosphere

Back 13

Contains the ozone layer (12-50km above earth)

Front 14

Geologic formations

Back 14

Formations made from rocks

Front 15

Mountains

Back 15

Tectonic plates smashing together

Front 16

Volcanoes

Back 16

When magma from Earth's upper mantle erupts through the surface

Front 17

Canyons

Back 17

Formed by weathering and erosion caused by movements of rivers and other tectonic activity

Front 18

Earthquakes

Back 18

When plates rub against each other in opposite directions, and rock underground break along a fault

Front 19

Primary seismic waves

Back 19

Fastest waves and can travel through solids, liquids, and gas (3 miles per second)

Front 20

Secondary seismic waves

Back 20

Travel throght earth's interior, travel through rock

Front 21

Surface seismic waves

Back 21

Move along Earth's surface, slowest waves

Front 22

Tectonic plates

Back 22

Earth's outer shell divided into several plates that glide over the mantle

Front 23

Divergent

Back 23

Tectonic plates pulling apart, causing separation

Front 24

Convergent

Back 24

Tectonic plates coming together

Front 25

Subduction

Back 25

Tectonic plates moving sideways and in a downward movement of the edge of a plate into the mantle beneath another plate

Front 26

Soil

Back 26

A mixture of minerals, organic matter, games, liquids, and many organisms that together support life on earth

Front 27

The water cycle (the hydrologic cycle)

Back 27

Continuous circulation of water

Front 28

Precipitation

Back 28

Rain and snow coming down

Front 29

Evaporation

Back 29

Water turns from liquid to gas (water vapors)

Front 30

Condensation

Back 30

Water vapors turns back into liquid, water collects and droplets forming clouds

Front 31

Transpiration

Back 31

Plants suck water from roots to the leaves, releasing water vapors into the atmosphere

Front 32

Igneous rocks

Back 32

Made from lava, magma. Looks glassy, smooth surfaces

Front 33

Metamorphic rocks

Back 33

Made from heat pressure. Looks like sparkly crystals, ribbon like layers

Front 34

Sedimentary rocks

Back 34

Made from deposition, cementation. Looks like sand grains or visible pebbles

Front 35

Earth

Back 35

3rd planet from the sun, denest planet, largest of the 4 terrestrial planets. Moon is earth's only natural satellite

Front 36

Comets

Back 36

Chunks of ice and rock originating outside the solar system

Front 37

Asteroids

Back 37

Chunks of rock and metal in orbit between Mars and Jupiter

Front 38

Meteorite

Back 38

A small asteroid

Front 39

Fall-autumn equinox

Back 39

12 hrs of daylight and 12 hrs of darkness (Sept 23)

Front 40

Summer solstice

Back 40

Earth's max tilt causing longest period of daylight (June 22)

Front 41

Spring - vernal equinox

Back 41

12 hrs of daylight and 12 hrs of darkness (March 21)

Front 42

Winter solstice

Back 42

North pole is titled furthest away from sun, causing shortest period of daylight (Dec 21)

Front 43

Geocentric theory

Back 43

Belief earth sat stationary at the center of the universe

Front 44

Heliocentric theory

Back 44

Nicolaus Copernicus - positioned sun at center of universe. Asserted Earth has a tilted axis while revolving around the sun

Front 45

Stars

Back 45

A luminous ball of gas, mostly hydrogen and helium, held together by its own gravity

Front 46

Lunar eclipse

Back 46

Occurs when moon passes behind Earth's shadow. (Moon, earth, sun)

Front 47

Solar eclipse

Back 47

When moon is in between earth and sun

Front 48

Earth's patterns

Back 48

Spins on axis, does one full 24hr rotation, does a 365 full revolution around sun

Front 49

Earth causes cycles

Back 49

Each rotation and revolution causes day, night, seasons and weather

Front 50

Earth's changes

Back 50

Quick changes like earthquakes and storms

Slow changes like two tectonic plates separating continents