Sci 1101 Test 2 (Ch 3, 4, 5,) Cont.

Front 1

When multiple organisms seek the same limited resource

Back 1

competition

Front 2

Reflects an organisms use of resources and its fundamental role in a community, including its habitat use, food consumption and other attrubutes

Back 2

fundamental niche

Front 3

an individual that plays only part of its role or uses only some of its resources because of competition or other types of species interactions

Back 3

realized niche

Front 4

a phenomenon resulting from competition among species in which competing evolve characteristics that better adapt them to specialize on the portion of the resource they use

Back 4

character displacement

Front 5

the process by which individuals of one species hunt capture, kill, and consume individuals of another species

Back 5

predation

Front 6

relationship in which one organism depends on another for nourishment or some other benefit while doing the host harm

Back 6

parasistism

Front 7

a long-term reciprocal process in which two types of organisms repeatedly respond by natural selection to the other's adaptations

Back 7

coevolution

Front 8

energy trophic levels

Back 8

tertiary consumers

secondary consumers

primary consumers

producers

detritivores and decomposers

Front 9

the collective mass of living matter in a given place and time

Back 9

biomass

Front 10

a community that remains in place with little modification until disturbance restarts the succession process

Back 10

climax community

Front 11

a shift in which the characters of the community fundamentally change

Back 11

regime shift or phase shift

Front 12

spreading widely and coming to dominate a community

Back 12

invasive species

Front 13

a major regional complex of similar communities - a large-scale ecological unit recognized primarily by its dominant plant type and vegetation structure.

Back 13

biomes

Front 14

Fertile soil environment with large leaf plants that loose their leaves each fall and remain dormant until winter

Back 14

Temperate deciduous forest

Front 15

Less precipitation, called steppe or prairie, once widespread but now converted to mostly agricultural use

Back 15

Temperate Grassland

Front 16

Great deal of precipitation, moisture loving bugs, used for lumber, erosion and landslides effect the fertile soil

Back 16

temperate rainforest

Front 17

dries biome on earth, mostly bare dunes, low humidity and little vegetation, nocturnal animals

Back 17

desert

Front 18

highly seasonal, mild wet winters and warm dry summers, small patches widely spread, consists of mostly of evergreen shrubs.

Back 18

chaparral

Front 19

a region on one side of a mountain or mountains range that experiences arid climate

Back 19

rainshadow effect

Front 20

the land area that funnels water to the bay through rivers

Back 20

water shed

Front 21

population is divided and each evolve seperately

Back 21

divergent evolution

Front 22

given enough time and similar environments, characteristics of species will be adopted by another species

Back 22

convergent evolution

Front 23

a network of relationships among parts, elements or components that interact with and influence one another through the exchange of energy, matter or information.

Back 23

system

Front 24

output that results from a system moving in one direction acts as input that moves the system in the other direction. a stabilizing effect

Back 24

negative feedback loop

Front 25

increased output leads to increased input, leading to further increased output. Ex. exponential growth

Back 25

positive feedback loop

Front 26

characteristics that are not evident by breaking down the component into parts: the whole is more than the sum of the part

Back 26

emergent properties

Front 27

the process of nutrient over-enrichment, blooms of algae, increased production of organic matter and subsequent ecosystem degradation

Back 27

eutrophication

Front 28

consist of all the planet's organisms and the abiotic (nonliving) portions of the environment with which they interact

Back 28

biosphere

Front 29

fixed condition: system stays in the condition

Back 29

static system

Front 30

has a constant condition, and if disturbed, will return to that condition once the disturbance is gone

Back 30

classical system

Front 31

A system that changes continually over time

Back 31

dynamic system

Front 32

the steady state that all systems move towards without influence of people

Back 32

dynamic equilibrium

Front 33

when a system maintains constant internal conditions

Back 33

homeostasis

Front 34

precipitation that flows over land and flows into waterways

Back 34

runoff

Front 35

the geographical area that produces pollutants that are likely to end up in a waterway

Back 35

airshed

Front 36

ecosystems focus primarily on the movement of

Back 36

matter and energy

Front 37

the minimal entity that has the properties required to sustain life

Back 37

ecosystem

Front 38

three things needed to evaluate an ecosystem

Back 38

nature, duration and size

Front 39

3 measures used in biological production

Back 39

biomass

energy stored

carbon stored

Front 40

benefits in humans that are provided by the planets systems

Back 40

soil formation, air purification, pollination

breakdown of some pollutants and waste

quality of life issues (spiritual)

nutrients cycle

Front 41

elements and compounds that are required for survival that are consumed by organisms

Back 41

nutrients

Front 42

Macronutrients

Back 42

nutrients required in large amounts

1. carbon,

2. nitrogen

3.micro

Front 43

biogeochemical cycle

Back 43

the movement of nutrients through ecosystems

Front 44

where nutrients reside for varying amounts of time

Back 44

pools

Front 45

the rate at which materials move between pools

Back 45

flux

Front 46

a pool that releases more nutrients than it receives

Back 46

source

Front 47

pool that receives more nutrients than it releases

Back 47

sink

Front 48

summarizes how liquid, gaseous and solid water flows through the environment

Back 48

the water cycle

Front 49

describes the route of carbon atoms throught the environment

Back 49

carbon cycle

Front 50

describes the routes that phosphorous takes through the environment and can be a limiting factor for plant growth. Links with euthrophication effect

Back 50

phosphorous cycle

Front 51

studies how interactive ecosystems effect the abundance, disturbance and interaction of organisms

Back 51

landscape ecology

Front 52

energy transfer formula

Back 52

(Delta)E = W + Q

Front 53

the best definition of temperature

Back 53

the property that two objects have in common when no heat is transferred between them when placed in thermal contact.

Front 54

r-value= thickness/thermal continuity

Back 54

r-value formula

Front 55

U.S. current per capita energy use is over

Back 55

330 million BTU's

Front 56

heat transport by moving and mixing

Back 56

convection

Front 57

puts limitations on the amount of usable energy that can be transferred. the amount of energy output will always be less than the input

Back 57

2nd law of thermal dynamics