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145 Cards in this Set
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Science |
An objective, self-correcting, pursuit of knowledge and understanding that involves gathering and organizing information about the natural world through repeated observation and experimentation. |
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Natural World - definition of science |
science is based on the principle that all events have natural causes: natural causality |
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Observation - definition of science |
We observe by using our 5 senses as well as time, space etc. Our senses can also be enhanced through technology. |
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Experimentation - definition of science |
Controlling the variables, sometimes in labs, but also in a large scale to speed up things that happen naturally in a controlled way. |
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Gathering and organizing information - definition of science |
Can be done in journals, textbooks, demonstrations, conferences (posters, lectures) |
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Self-correcting - definition of science |
Because science is dynamic, you should always be ready to change things as you go. |
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Why not to study science |
1. Distracting from spiritual matters 2. Makes us proud 3. Makes us feel like we can live independent of God 4. Might contradict what God teaches in scripture |
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Why study science? |
1. Provides a means of knowing God more fully 2. May authenticate Biblical accounts 3. An act of worship, a spiritual activity 4. It's part of our mandate to subdue and rule the earth 5. Science can better society 6. Our broken world needs redemption 7. To reach out to those who don't have a relationship with Christ |
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Two book metaphor |
The one author is God, and the two books are Scripture (theology) and Nature (science) |
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Facts about Dooyweerd's Aspects of Creation |
They are not set in stone
The "earlier" aspects are foundational "Later" aspects give meaning to the earlier |
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Laws vs Norms |
Norms = human freedom and responsibility Laws = no human intervention (must be obeyed) |
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The Scientific method (6 steps) |
1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Experiment 6. Conclusion |
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Scientific theory |
general and reliable explanation of important natural phenomena that has been developed through extensive & reproducible observations and experiments |
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Natural Law |
Describes a basic principle or generalization derived from the study pf nature (observations) which has never been disproven by scientific inquiry and applies in all circumstances with constant conditions. |
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Fact |
An observation that has been repeatedly confirmed empirically and accepted as undeniably true
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Naturalism |
Natural explanations for all things No supernatural influence Leads to scientism, science as a religion |
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Calculus meaning |
small pebbles used for counting |
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Calculus definiton |
The mathematical study of change |
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Is math a science? |
No, it is related, but it's a tool of science. It does not rely on testing ideas against evidence from the natural world. |
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The 0th Law |
If A and B are the same temperature and B and C are the same temperature, then A and C would be the same temperature |
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The 1st Law |
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only transfer forms |
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The 2nd Law |
Total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time |
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The 3rd Law |
Absolute zero is a state of zero motion. Absolute zero cannot be achieved |
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Main forms of energy |
Kinetic energy Chemical potential energy Gravitational potential energy |
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Democritus |
Greek philosopher who believed that there was a limit to how many times matter could be divided into smaller pieces. Thought everything was made up of the same material |
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John Dalton |
Atoms are indivisible Atoms of the same element are exactly the same Compounds are formed by the joining together of two or more elements |
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Thomson's Plum Pudding Model |
Atoms are made of even smaller particles Negatively charged particles inside of positively charged "pudding" |
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Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment |
Fired a stream of positively charged alpha particles at gold foil and most passed right though, some bounced, some repelled. Concluded: atom has a tiny dense positively charged centre that repelled his positively charged bullets |
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3 Kinds of elementary particles |
Protons: have a positive charge Neutron: don't have a charge Electrons: have a negative charge |
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Z number |
The number of protons in the atom Same number on the periodic table |
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Atomic mass |
The number of protons and neutrons in an atom |
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Ionic Bonds |
One atom takes an electron from another atom. One atom gives their electron to the other, but they stay close together |
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Polar covalent bonds |
Unequal sharing of electrons |
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Non-polar covalent bonds |
Equal sharing of some electrons |
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Law of conservation of mass |
Discovered by Antoine Lavoisier in 1785 Matter is neither created nor destroyed # of atoms don't change in a chemical reaction, they are just transferred |
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Vitalism |
Living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles that are inanimate things |
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Friedrich Wohler |
I totally made pee from rocks |
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Vitalism vs emergence |
emergence is the idea that once every part comes together there is life whereas vitalism believes that there is a spark that makes it living |
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Abiogenesis |
Spontaneous generation Living things arise from non-living matter |
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Active principle |
A mysterious "life force" that allowed spontaneous generation to occur |
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Louis Pasteur |
Used the swan neck flask Finally squashed the idea of spontaneous generation |
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Cell theory |
Cell is the basic unit of organization for all organisms All organisms are composed of cell or cell products All cells come from other cells |
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Doppler Effect |
Found that galaxies were moving away from each other |
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3 Explanations for the big bang |
1) Doppler effect 2) Deuterium and ratios of certain elements 3) Microwave static |
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Wilson & Penzias |
Accidentally discovered the big bang because they found static in their telescope which was a result of the big bang and radio waves |
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Sir Fred Hoyle |
Coined the term "big bang" by accident and it stuck |
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How does Genesis 1 relate to the big bang |
If it is not taken literally then you can see the first 3 days as empty and then the bang and things happened |
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Age of the universe (Big Bang) |
14 billion years old |
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Heliocentric model |
Proposed by Copernicus and Galileo helped prove it through his telescope |
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DNA Long name |
Deoxyribonucleic acid |
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3 Parts of a nucleotide |
1) Phosphate group 2) Pentose sugar 3) Nitrogenous base |
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4 Types of nitrogenous bases |
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine Each base will only bond with one other specific base using a weak hydrogen bond |
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Genes |
segments of DNA that are units of inheritance |
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DNA structure |
Gene is a section that codes for a protein Combo of proteins gives unique genotype Genotype gives phenotype |
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Genotype |
nucleotide sequence |
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Phenotype |
the way we actually look |
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Protein |
Polymer composed of amino acids joined by chemical bonds called peptide bonds They control the chemical and physical processes of cells |
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Central Dogma of molecular genetics |
DNA turns to RNA through transcription RNA turns to proteins through translation |
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What makes something alive? (6 things) |
1) Acquire and use materials and energy 2) Actively maintain organized complexity 3) Perceive and respond to stimuli 4) Grow 5) Reproduce 6) Has the capacity to evolve/adapt (change) |
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What makes a cell? (3 things) |
1) Plasma membrane (self contained) 2) Cytoplasm (watery medium) 3) DNA or RNA (molecule of heredity) |
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Cell definition |
Smallest unit of life, consisting, at a minimum of an outer membrane that encloses a watery medium containing organic molecules including genetic material composed of DNA |
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Tree of life |
A metaphor, model and research tool used to explore, classify and describe relationships between organism, both living and extinct |
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Taxonomy |
Branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms |
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Linnaean Classification systems |
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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Cancer |
a disease in which some of the body's cells escape the normal regulatory process and divide without control |
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Treatments for cancer |
surgery, radiation, chemotherapy |
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Cancer's effect on growth hormones |
Growth hormones traditionally receive a signal that goes to the DNA to grow and stop dividing Cancer causes the cells to mutate though making it not need a signal or having too many receptor proteins |
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What did Liannus do? |
He came up with the linnaean classification system |
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What did Darwin do for classification of organisms? |
came up with another way to classify organisms that demonstrated that all life may be related by a common ancestor |
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How does the evolutionary classification (phylogeny work? |
Systematists look for obvious similarities between living species such as anatomical attributes Those similarities may reveal common historical paths Modern systematics look at molecular similarities |
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3 Characteristics that classify organisms into a domain and kingdom |
1) Cell type: simple of complex 2) Number of cells: unicellular or multicellular 3) Energy acquisition: autotrophic vs heterotrophic |
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What is in Kingdom Protista? |
Eukaryotic cells Anything that isn't an animal, plant or fungi |
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What are Eukaryotic cells? |
Cells that have a nucleus |
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What are Protists' relationships with humans? |
they affect humans and other organisms greatly. Both positive and negative impacts Provide a lot of oxygen for humans Cause many diseases as well |
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Defining Characteristics of Animalia |
Eukarotic Multicellular Lack of cell walls Heterotrophic Typically sexual reproduction Are mobile (at least some time during life) Respond rapidly to external stimuli |
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Defining characteristics of Kingdom Fungi |
bodies made of mycelium cannot move (can only grow rapidly in one direction) Heterotrophic |
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Heterotrophic |
"feeded" by others |
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Autotrophic |
Fed by themselves, they don't need to consume other organisms for energy. mostly take in sunlight for energy |
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Defining characteristics of Kingdom Plantae |
Photosynthetic Multicellular embryos Alteration of generations |
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Genus |
Group that includes a number of very closely related species |
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Species |
Population of organisms that can potentially interbreed under natural conditions |
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What is the cardiorespiratory system? |
Heart and blood vessels, working with the respiratory system (lungs and airways) carry oxygen to muscles and organs of body, and remove waste products including carbon dioxide |
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Which direction does systemic circulation go? |
Towards the tissue |
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Which direction does pulmonary circulation go? |
Towards the heart |
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4 stages of gas exchange |
1) Bulk flow carries air to respiratory surface (organismal respiration) 2) O2 diffuses into capillaries and CO2 diffuses out of capillaries to air (external respiration) 3) Bulk flow of blood between respiratory system and tissues 4) O2 diffuses out of capillaries to tissue and CO2 goes from tissue into circulation (internal respiration) |
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3 reasons for understanding heart disease now |
1) 2nd most deadly killer next to cancer 2) Processes leading to cancer can begin early in life 3) the risk factors can be modified by changing lifestyles/behaviour |
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Jerry Morris |
The man who invented exercise studied people on busses and found that the driver who sat the whole time was 2x more likely to get a heart attack than the conductor who was walking all the time |
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Risk factors for heart disease |
Hypertension Dyslipidemia Obesity Insulin levels |
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What is hypertension? |
"the silent killer" high blood pressure = 140/110 Regular = 120/80 |
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Systolic pressure |
top number highest amount of pressure being pushed from your heart out |
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Diastolic pressure |
the bottom number lowest pressure at rest |
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Dyslipisemia |
too much fat of cholesterol in your blood LDL-C is bad cholesterol HDL-C is good cholesterol and reduces LDL-C |
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Obesity |
Weight is 20% or more higher than it should be. Can be calculated with a BMI test. If it's between 25-30, it's obesity Can cause cardiovascular diseases respiratory diseases, cancer and type II diabetes |
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How to calculate BMI |
BMI=kg/m2 (weight/heightxheight) |
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What effects our insulin levels? |
eating carbohydrates increases sugar levels in the body |
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What is insulin? |
A hormone that helps take sugar out of blood and into cells |
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Type 1 diabetes |
Occurs when some people just don't make enough insulin. Genetic |
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Type 2 diabetes |
When people's cells con't react to insulin. Lifestyle based |
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Is there a link between Exercise and Cancer? |
No direct link has been found relating the two. There was a study done on 10,000 Japanese males |
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Other benefits of exercise |
Improves sleep Improves mental health through endorphins Improves cognition (increasing size of part of your brain) Improves immune function (more special white blood cells) Improves circulation |
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What chemicals are in the atmosphere? |
NH3, CH4, H2 |
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Stanley Miller and Harold Urey's experiment |
4 ingredients mixed together (water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen) energy sources from the water heated up and the sparks simulated lightning Amino acids (life) formed |
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Primordial soup idea |
the chemicals in the atmosphere were exposed to energy to produce compounds The compounds formed together to make soup Life developed in the soup |
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Fossil Feuls |
The main driving force for standard of living i.e. coal or natural gas Whenever fossil fuels are burned, CO2 is released into the atmosphere |
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Sources of CO2 |
Cement industry Deforestation Forest fires Annual global emissions |
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What happens to extra CO2? |
55% goes to the atmosphere 25-30% goes into the oceans 15-20% goes to the biosphere |
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Effects of increasing levels of CO2 |
1) Global warming and climate change 2) Changes of rate of plant growth 3) Increasing effect on weather 4) Effects on ocean acidity 5) increasing atmospheric temperature on glaciers |
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Global warming and climate change explanation |
energy from the sun from UV and infrared radiation come to earth diatomic molecules let the energy come through the atmosphere earth radiates long wave infrared back into space BUT some is being absorbed by non-diatomic gasses (GHG's) which keep in the heat |
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Green house gasses |
keep the earth from getting too cold Common ones (water, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, methane) |
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Effects of increasing atmospheric temperature on weather |
1) More violent storms 2) More precipitation 3) precipitation not predicatble |
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Effects of increasing atmospheric temperature on oceans |
1) Rising ocean levels (melting of glaciers) 2) warmer water causes expansion 3) flooding 4) increasing ocean acidity 5) Impacts coral reef 6) Affects numerous ocean creatures |
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Effects of increasing atmospheric temperature on glaciers |
1) glaciers moderate temperature, without them less control over temp 2) glaciers serve as water storage for many countries who will run out of water 3) affecting water supply in the prairies |
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Effects of increasing atmospheric temperature on agriculture |
1) lower seed production 2) drier conditions 3) pests survive for a longer time and diseases have more time to spread from one area to another |
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Effects of increasing atmospheric temperature on photosynthesis |
1) rate of photosynthesis is limited by the availability of CO2 2) Plants grow faster but aren't as nutritious 3) Not enough nitrogen for the proteins 4) Implications for the food chain |
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What happened at the Paris climate conference in December 2015? |
they decided that climate change was happening and that many people were already suffering from it. Promised to reduce global emissions so the temperature doesn't increase by 2 degrees |
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What is our responsibility as Christians in regards to global warming? |
Understand the issues love our neighbours in the context of a global village |
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What is renewable energy? |
clean no waste energy that can be generated in many different ways such as hydro, wind, solar etc. |
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What are the different roles of the following groups in the carbon economy? Science, government, industry, church, individuals |
Science: help us understand what is happening Gov.: set policies and encourage societal change Industry: provide necessary tools to get off fossil fuels Church: provide a moral framework as to why we should be concerned Individuals: Becoming actively engaged in reducing our fossil fuel consumption |
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Food science definition |
the applied science devoted to the study of food |
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Food chemistry |
The study of chemical processes and interactions of all biological & non-biological components of foods. Encompasses how products change under certain processing techniques |
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Calorie |
the amount of energy you use to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree celclius 1 Calorie = 1,000 calories |
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How to calculate Calories |
fats = 9 kcals/gram Carbs = 4 kcals/gram Protein = 4 kcals/gram |
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Fat molecule structure |
The more kinks or double bonds in the molecule, it's oil When it's straight, it's a solid. You can solidify an oil by adding hydrogen |
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Carbohydrate structre |
sugar molecules that stick together Can be a monosaccharide (one ring) or a polysaccharide (lots of rings) |
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Protein structure |
Have sulphur and nitrogen come in many different shapes very large molecules |
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Major functionalities of proteins in food preparation |
1) Gelation - proteins interlock and trap water (jello) 2) Emulsification - allows mixing of oil and water (egg protein in salad dressing) 3) Foaming - proteins form a network and trap air (meringue) 4) Fibre forming - simulates meat texture (soy burgers) |
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Major functionalities of carbohydrates in food preparation |
1) Sweeteners - small chain carbs used as sweetening agents (sucrose, potatoes beets) 2) Preservatives - sugar reduce water and bacteria growth (jam) 3) Fermentation - Used by microbes as food substrate? (yeast in beer to make alcohol) 4) Gelation (long chains of sugar connecting and trapping water |
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Major functionalities of lipids in food preparation |
1) Crystallization - crystallizing in different ways to give different textures (ice cream) 2) Emulsifiers (monoglycerides) 3) Taste - act as flavour carriers affecting sensation |
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Chemistry of cooking: Proteins |
Changes appearance and texture (think Eggs, meat) Change shape into strands, not coils forever |
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Chemistry of cooking: Carbohydrates |
makes food taste sweeter sugar combines with the amino acids in protein (caramelizing) |
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Chemistry of cooking: lipids |
Change solids into oils Can allow cooking of other things to be at a higher temperature Replaces water in the food Lubricates food in the mouth |
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Facts about food preparation: canning |
provides physical barrier puts food under pressure stops oxygen from getting in high amounts of sugar |
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Facts about food preparation: Freezing |
slows down chemical processes makes bacteria explode water is not available |
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Facts about food preparation: Drying |
Takes out the water that the bacteria needs to survive |
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Facts about food preparation: Pasteuization |
Eliminates 99.999% of the bacteria Heats it up for a short amount of time to get rid of bacteria |
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Facts about food preparation: Radiation |
Puts an isotope around the food kills pests and microorganisms |
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Francis Bacon |
The first one who introduced the idea of refrigeration by stuffing a chicken with snow and surrounding it with snow and noticing that it didn't decay Died from pneumonia because of experiment |
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First refrigerant machines (Date & facts) |
1850's They used liquid that evaporated and expanded into gas so it would draw heat for the surrounding area and lower the temperature |
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Thomas Midgley |
1930s Proposed using CFC's (chlorofluorocarbons) later realized that CFC's are very harmful and also greenhouse gasses |
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Effects of the refrigerator |
Actually became a culture changer They were able to store vaccines Changed the lifestyles of the people there |
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Montreal Protocol |
Signed in 1987 said that CFC's had to be phased out and they were trying to get back the ozone from the ozone hole CFC's made |
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Genetically modified food |
The insertion of DNA from one organism into another OR the modification of an organism's DNA in order to acheive a desired trait |
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Potential benefits to GMOs |
improved farming cheaper food more food reducing world hunger Can buy seeds tailored to the type of year it will be (dry, wet, hot etc.) |
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Potential hazards from GMOs |
environmental (gene transfer/unintentional cross breeding) Human (introducing new allergens, unknown health risks Economic (elimination of competition cause GM seeds are patented, suicide seeds) |
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Limits of science |
does not make moral judgements does it tell us about what's beautiful and what isn't? doesn't tell us how to use the scientific knowledge can't prove or refute the existence of God |
