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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the hungry example, what are the sights, sounds, and smells of a restaurant?
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Discriminative stimuli that evoke the response of asking for food
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Discriminative stimulus (S^D)
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-evokes a response because in the past that kind of response has been more successful in the presence of that stimulus than in its absence
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How does an S^D come to control a particular type of behavior?
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By being present when that behavior is reinforced
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S^Delta
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A stimulus that:
-suppresses a particular type of behavior because, -in the past, that type of behavior was extinguished (i.e. not reinforced) in its presence, but reinforced in its absence |
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Stimulus control
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-Behavior is under stimulus control when it differs in the presence and absence of a stimulus
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What is required in order to develop stimulus control?
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Differential reinforcement
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Differential reinforcement
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-A response is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus and extinguished in the presence of one or more other stimuli
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How are the conditions of differential reinforcement arranged?
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In operant discrimination training
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What was the example with color of operant discrimination training?
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Children are taught color names
-color is determined by the wavelengths of light that an object reflects -particular wavelengths are S^Ds for saying particular names and we reinforce the correct naming |
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Stimulus generalization
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When stimuli that differ along a given dimension control the same response
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What was the color example of stimulus generalization?
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When two objects that differ in wavelength (are two different colors) both control the response of saying "blue" (they are functionally equivalent)
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Why do people differ with respect to discrimination training?
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Because we learn the discriminations that are relevant to our personal environments.
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What are many discriminations based on?
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Multiple stimulus dimensions
(e.g. recognizing your best friend) |
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Conditional discrimination
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whether a response is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus depends on the presence of a second stimulus
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What was the clock example of conditional discrimination?
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The clock (a stimulus) does not evoke a response until your friend asks you what time it is (another stimulus)
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What does stimulus control play a critical role in?
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The development of complex human behavior
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What is it not enough to think of behavior in terms of?
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Its consequences, because consequences of behavior only increase frequency in the presence of the circumstances when reinforcement occurred
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What are the "circumstances"?
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Motivational variables and S^Ds
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How does reinforcement make both E.O.s and S^Ds into antecedent events?
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Because reinforcement gives them evocative functions
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What three things should be identified when thinking about behavior?
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1) Motivational variable
2) Discriminative stimulus 3) Reinforcer |
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Shaping
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procedure whereby a given operant response is achieved by reinforcing successively closer approximations to that response
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What is the first step of shaping?
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Initially reinforcing an existing response that is closest to the terminal response
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What do you do after the first step of shaping?
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Adopt new criterion for reinforcement that demands a response more similar to the terminal behavior
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How did a parent teach their child to say "dad"?
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-First reinforced babbling.
-Then selectively reinforced only "da" sounds. (Extinction of sounds that aren't da; extinction causes an increase in variability of behavior) -Final criterion for reinforcement is "dad" |
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What were the dolphin and the porpoise taught with shaping?
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Dolphin: fly through the air to get a fish
Porpoise: novel behavior such as tail walking, somersaults, spins |
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What can shaping also be responsible for?
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Undesired behavior (e.g. sick social cycle of child's crying being reinforced by parent's consoling)
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Response chaining
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a procedure in which a sequence of behaviors must be emitted before the unconditioned reinforcer is delivered;
only the terminal response is met with the reinforcer |
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What do prior responses in a response chain (sequence) provide?
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An opportunity for subsequent responses to occur
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Vending machine example of response chaining
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The sequence of behaviors include getting change, putting change in the machine, pushing a button.
Only the final movement of the can to your lips is followed by the reinforcer of pop |
