Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
fact, the real world, that which exists and can be seen through the experience of our own senses
|
EMPRICIAL STATEMENT
|
|
judgements about what should be done
|
NORMATIVE STATEMENT
|
|
normative or empirical:
hurricane katrina was the worst hurricane, in terms of lives lost, to hit a major US city in history |
EMPIRICAL
|
|
normative or empirical
local, federal, and state officials responded poorly to hurricane katrina |
NORMATIVE- DEF. OF POOR RESPONSE?
|
|
normative or empirical
israeli land concessions result in reduced palestinian suicide attacks |
EMPERICAL
|
|
normative or empirical
most isu students are republicans |
EMPIRICAL
|
|
5 RESEARCH CRITERIA!!!
|
CLARITY
TESTABILTIY THEORETICAL SIGNIFIGANCE PRACTICAL RELEVANCE ORIGINALITY |
|
presmed to be the cause
|
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
|
|
effect or consequence
|
DEPENDANT VARIABLES
|
|
additional variables that might affect the relaationship b/t the independent and dependant variables
|
CONTROL VARIABLS
look for controlling for, holding constant |
|
Holding education, region, and income constant, there is little difference in voter turnout between whites and African-Americans
independant variable... |
RACE
|
|
Holding education, region, and income constant, there is little difference in voter turnout between whites and African-Americans
dependant variable... |
VOTER TURNOUT
|
|
Holding education, region, and income constant, there is little difference in voter turnout between whites and African-Americans
control variables... |
EDUCATION, INCOME, REGION
|
|
Holding education, region, and income constant, there is little difference in voter turnout between whites and African-Americans
units of analysis... |
INDIVIDUALS
|
|
The larger a city, the higher the crime rate
independant variable... |
SIZE
|
|
The larger a city, the higher the crime rate
dependant variable... |
CRIME RATE
|
|
The larger a city, the higher the crime rate
units of analysis... |
CITIES
|
|
specify exactly how each variable will be measured, often determined by units of analysis
|
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
what we want, when and how we will get it |
|
Winning candidates have more positive perceptions of voters than do losing candidates
operational definitions... |
POSITIVE PERCEPTIONS- interview candidates for state legislature ask how informed they think voters are
WINNING/LOSING- review report of state election commission |
|
empirical or normative
62% of american people think the president is doing a good job |
EMPIRICAL
|
|
emp or norm
most african americans vote republican |
EMPIRICAL
|
|
emp or norm
is it more important to adopt policies that will protect the enviornment, or policies that will maximize economic growth? |
NORMATIVE
|
|
emp or norm
it is better to to have nonpartisan elections for local governement b/c there will be less corruption |
NORMATIVE
|
|
emp or norm
if a foreign policy desicion would increase US exports, than that's what should be done. |
NORMATIVE
|
|
emp or norm
putting courtroom trials on TV distorts the judicial process and defeats justice. |
NORMATIVE
|
|
emp or norm
why do communist and socialist nations have lower incomes than capitilast nations? |
EMPIRICAL
|
|
emp or norm
allowing people to carry concealed weapons lowers the crime rate |
EMPIRICAL
|
|
emp or norm
the current practice of campaign-fundraising is corrupting the character of American democracy |
NORMATIVE
|
|
emp or norm
is affirmative action an unconstitutional form or reverse discrimination? |
NORMATIVE
|
|
emp or norm
political parties have fulfilled a majority of their platform promises over the years |
EMPIRICAL
|
|
ind/dep/control variables, UOA
media attention is neccessary for a candidate to succeed in a primary election |
IND- MEDIA ATTENTION
DEP- ELECTION SUCCESS UOA- CANDIDATES |
|
ind/dep/control variables, UOA
with education, income and region held constant, there is little difference in voter turnout b/t whites and blacks |
IND- RACE
DEP- VOTER TURNOUT CONTROL- EDUCATION, INCOME, REGION UOA- INDIVIDUALS |
|
ind/dep/control variables, UOA
southern states have less party competetion than northern states. |
IND- REGION
DEP- PARTY COMPETETION UOA- STATES |
|
ind/dep/control variables, UOA
when length of time since independence is held constant, democracies are more stable than dictotorships. |
IND- TYPE OF GOVT
DEP- STABILITY CONTROL- LENGHT OF TIME SINCE IND. UOA- NATIONS |
|
ind/dep/control variables, UOA
the larger a city, the higher the crime rate tends to be |
IND- SIZE
DEP- CRIME RATE UOA- CITIES |
|
operational definitions
controlling for education, the more urban an area, the lower the voter turnout |
EDUCATION- YEARS OF EDUCATION PPL 25 OR OLDER, U.S. STATISTICAL ABSTRACT
URBANIZATION- POP. OF 2500 OR MORE, US BUREAU OF CENSUS VOTER TURNOUT- NUMBER OF BALLOTS CAST, US STAT ABSTRACT |
|
operational definitions
people who percieve thay they are better off economically then to vote for the incumbent candidate for president. |
ECONOMIC PERCEPTION- SURVEY, DO YOU THINK FAMILY IS WORSE OR BETTER OFF THAN YOU WERE 4 YRS AGO
PRES VOTE- ASK WHO RESPONDENTS VOTED FOR IN LAST ELECTION |
|
operational definitions
nations that recieve US foriegn aid are more likely to support america in foreign policy. |
FORIEGN AID- DID NATION RECIEVE ANY ASSITANCE FROM US, US STATE DEPT
SUPPORT IN FOREIGN POLICY- HOW MUCH NATIONS VOTED FOR US IN GENERAL ASSEMBLY, UNITED NATIONS YEARBOOK |
|
operational definitions
winning candidates have more positive perceptions of voters than do losing candidates. |
POSTIVE PERCEPTIONS- INTERVIEW CANDIDATES FOR STATE LEGISLATURE, ASK IF THEY THINK VOTERS ARE WELL INFORMED
WINNING/LOSING- LOOK AT REPORT OF STATE ELECTION COMMISSION, SEE WHO WON AND LOST |
|
operational definitions
the better the state of the economy, the better the candidate of the incumbent president's party do in congressional elections. |
STATE OF ECONOMY- CHANGE IN INCOMR OF PEOPLE IN AREA, ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS
SUCCESS OF INC. PRES PARTY- SEE WHAT PERCENT OF SEATS WERE WON BY PRES PARTY, CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY WEEKLY REPORT |
|
ind/dep/control and UOA
rural areas have lower crime rates than urban areas. |
IND- URBANIZATION
DEP- CIME RATES UOA- DEMOGRAPHIC (CITIES, STATES) |
|
ind/dep/control and UOA
with age held constant, education and poltical participation are positively related. |
IND- EDUCATION
DEP- POLITICAL PARTICIPATION CONTORL- AGE UOA- INDIVIDUAL |
|
ind/dep/control and UOA
the more negative the advertising in a us senatorial campaign, the lower the voter turnout rate. |
IND- NEG. CAMPAIGN
DEP- LOW VOTER TURNOUT UOA- US STATES |
|
ind/dep/control and UOA
with gnp held constant, communist nations spend more than capitalist nations for the military. |
IND- TYPE OF ECONOMY
DEP- MONEY SPENT CONTROL- GNP UOA- NATION |
|
ind/dep/control and UOA
the better the state of the economy, the greater the proportion of votes recieved by theparty of the president. |
IND- STATE OF ECONOMY
DEP- NUMBER OF VOTES RECEIVED UOA- ELECTIONS |
|
ind/dep/control and UOA
controlling for political party, a legislatives vote on abortiono are related to his or her religion and education. |
IND- RELIGION/EDUCATION
DEP- VOTE ON ABORTION CONTROL- POLITICAL PARTY UOA- POLITICAIAN |
|
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
the more a congressional candidate spends, the mre successful his/her campaign |
MONEY SPENT- AMT SPENT BY THE FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION
SUCCESS- PERCENT OF VOTES RECIEVED BY CANDIDATE ACCORDING TO AMERICA VOTES |
|
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
the more economically developed a nation, the lower the level of political instability |
ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED- GNP AS REPORTED BY THE UNITED NATIONS YEARBOOK
POLITICAL INSTABILITY- AVG NUMBER OF ASSASSINATIONS/ERRANEOUS POLITICAL ACTIVITY ACCORDING TO WORLD HANDBOOK OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL INDICATORS |
|
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
the higher the leve of a person's education, the more likely he or she is to favog legal abortion. |
LEVEL OF EDUCATION- SURVEY, HOW MANY YEARS OF SCHOOL DID YOU FINISH?
ABORITON- SO YOU BELIEVE ABORTION SHOULD BE LEGALIZED STILL? |
|
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
the more cometetive political parties are in a state, the more the state spends on education. |
PARTY COMPETETION- NUMBER OF REPUBLICAN VOTES AND DEMOCRATICE VOTES AS REPORTED BY AMERICA VOTES
STATE SPENDING ON EDUCATION- AMOUNT SPENT ACCORDING TO THE US STATISTICAL ABSTRACT |
|
REFORMULATE USING EA METHOD
should the united states increase the amount of foriegn aid it gives to poor nations? |
INCREASING THE AMOUNT OF FOREIGN AID TO THIRD WORLD NATIONS WOULD DECREASE THE AMOUNT OF FEDERAL SPENDING ON EDUCATION, THE MILITARY, AND OUR BUDGET DEFECIT
|
|
REFORMULATE USING EA METHOD
would we be better off if congress and the presidency were controlled byt eh same political party? |
WHEN THE PRESIDENCY AND CONGRESS HAVE BEEN CONTROLLED BY THE SAME POLITICAL PARTY, EMPLOYMENT RATES HAVE RISEN AND AMOUNT OF PEOPLE DEPENDANT ON WELFARS HAS DECREASED
ARE FEDERAL BUDGET DEFECITS GREATER IN YEARS OF UNIFIED PARTY CONTROL THAN YEARS OF DIVIDED CONTROL? |
|
REFORMULATE USING EA METHOD
since poor education is the biggest problem facing the nation, spending for schools should be increased. |
CHILDREN ATTENDING SCHOOLS THAT RECIEVE VERY LITTLE EDUCATION SPENDING GET LOWER GRADES ON TESTS COPARED TO STUDENTS ATTENDING SCHOOLS THAT RECEIEVE MORE PUBLIC SPENDING.
|
|
REFORMULATE USING EA METHOD
negative campaign adverstising is whats wrong with elections today. |
NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING DECREASES THE AMOUNT OF VOTERS WHO COE OUT ON ELECTION DAY.
|
|
REFORMULATE USING EA METHOD
do we need a new political party to represent middle- of the road views |
A NEW POLITICAL PARTY WITH CENTRAL IDEAS HAVE RECIEVED A MAJORITY OF THE VOTE THROUGHOUT HISTORY.
|
|
EVALUATE ON THE 5 RESEARCH CRITERIA
how democratice is the US political system? |
CLARITY- not very precise, although the variables are known, they are not specific. democratic could be defined many different ways, and the political system is not justified.
TESTABILITY- the question is testable and data is avaible, altough making the question more precise would make obtaining information easier THEORETICAL SIGNIFIGANCE- it is fairly TS, may explain how the political system works to those who are unfamiliar with it. PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE- this may lead people to be more likely to vote b/c they understand how their gov't works more efficeintly ORIGINALITY- the question is fairly original and has not been well established |
|
EVALUATE ON THE 5 RESEARCH CRITERIA
who shot president kennedy? |
CLARITY- the question is down to the point and the variables are obvious
TESTABLE- the data is avaialable, many theoires have been tested and many have their own conclusions TS- explain exactly what happened according to a certain authour PS- may lead to explanations of other presidential assassinations or shootings ORIGINAL- not original at all, the question has been asked many times and it seems the answer will never be known... SHOULD CHANGE IT BECAUSE IT DEALS WITH A SINGLE SUBJECT! |
|
EVALUATE ON THE 5 RESEARCH CRITERIA
which memebr of the us house had the poorest attendance record on roll call voting in the last session? |
CLARITY- the question is clear and the variables are present
TESTABLE- the question is easily testable, can get information from congressional records TS- not TS or PR, don't need to know, doesn't improve knowledge of the subject ORIGINAL- probably original |
|
EVALUATE ON THE 5 RESEARCH CRITERIA
are voters desicions' in recent presidential elections influence more by their attitudes on abortion or by their perceptions of the economic situation? |
CLARITY- very clear and precie question
TESTABILITY- info easily obtained by conducting a survey TS- explain why voters tend to vote they way they do according to party PS- may lead to different techniques of politicians to rally and collect votes ORIGINAL- since question is so specific, it is most likely original |