Sat 2- Biochemistry

Front 1

Proton Charge? Location?

Back 1

+1, Nucleus

Front 2

Neutron Charge? Location?

Back 2

0, Nucleus

Front 3

Electron Charge? Location?

Back 3

-1, Outside Nucleus

Front 4

Atom consists of what three subatomic particles?

Back 4

Proton, Nuetron and Electron

Front 5

Electron affects...?

Back 5

How a particular atom will react with atoms of other elements.

Front 6

Ground State?

Back 6

Electrons in the lowest available energy.

Front 7

Excited State

Back 7

When an atom absorbs energy and the electrons move to a higher energy level.

Front 8

Isotopes

Back 8

Atoms of one element that vary only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Front 9

Radioisotopes

Back 9

Isotopes that are radioactive and emit half-life.

Front 10

Half-Life

Back 10

Particles and decay emited from Radioisotopes.

Front 11

A Bond is formed when...

Back 11

When two atomic nuclei attract the same electrons. They bond to form stability and to acquire a complete outer shell.

Front 12

Ionic Bond

Back 12

Form when electrons are transferred.

Front 13

Anion

Back 13

An atom that gains electrons. Stands for a negative ion.

Front 14

Cation

Back 14

An atom that loses electrons. Stands for a positive ion.

Front 15

Covalent Bond

Back 15

Formed when atoms share electrons.

Front 16

Molocule

Back 16

When more than one atoms shares elecrons, joining them by a covalent bond.

Front 17

Intermolecular Attractions

Back 17

When individual molecules attract to each other.

Front 18

Polar-Polar Attraction

Back 18

When two or more atoms form a bond. Either Polar- Strong/Unbalanced or Nonpolar- Weak/Balanced

Front 19

Hydrogen Bonds

Back 19

Occurs beween molocules containing atoms that exert a strog pull on their atoms on a living thing. It keeps the two DNA strands together and causes water molocules to stick together and is responsible for many of Water's special charactoristics.

Front 20

Hydrophobic

Back 20

Water-Hating

Front 21

Hydropholic-

Back 21

Water-Loving

Front 22

True or False? Polar substances dissolve in water? Non-Polar?

Back 22

True, False

Front 23

Water's 6 Special Charactoristics?

Back 23

1. High specific heat.
2. High heat of vaporization.
3. High adhession prop.
4. Universal solvent
5. Strong cohesion tension between water molocules
6. Ice is less dence than water

Front 24

pH

Back 24

Measurement of Acidity

Front 25

Alkaline

Back 25

Base (pH)

Front 26

pH Acidity Scale Measurement

Back 26

pH is 10 times more acidic each step. EX. pH 1 is 10 times more acidic than pH 2.

Front 27

Buffer

Back 27

Substances that resist change in pH by absorbing excess hydrogen ions or donating when too few.

Front 28

Organinc Compound

Back 28

Compounds that contain carbon.

Front 29

Carbs

Back 29

Consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They supply quick energy and release 4 cal. per carb. Consist of monosaccharides, desaccahrdes and polysacccharides

Front 30

Monosaccharide

Back 30

Have a formula of C6 H12 O6. Glucose, Galactose and fructose are part of this group and are isomers of each other.

Front 31

Isomer

Back 31

Compunds that have diffrent structures and the same molecular formula.

Front 32

Disaccharides

Back 32

Have the chemical formula of 612 H22 O11. Consist of two Monosac. joined by dehydration synthesis. Maltose, lactose and sucrose are part of this group.

Front 33

Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide=?. What is this formula.

Back 33

Disaccharide and Water. Dehydration Synthesis.

Front 34

Dehydration Synthesis

Glucose + Glucose=?

Back 34

Maltose + Water

Front 35

Dehydration Synthesis

Glucose + Galactose=?

Back 35

Lactose + Water

Front 36

Dehydration Synthesis

Glucose + Fructse=?

Back 36

Sucrose + Water

Front 37

Hydrolysis

Back 37

Breakdown of a compound. Occurs during digestion and is the reverse of Dehydration Synthesis

Front 38

Polysaccharides

Back 38

Polymers of carbs. Form as many monosaccharides join by Dehydration Synthesis. Consist of cellulose, starch, chitin and glycogen.

Front 39

Cellulose

Back 39

Make up cell walls

Front 40

Starch

Back 40

The way sugar is stored in plants

Front 41

Chitin

Back 41

Makes the endoskeleton in arthropods and cell walls in mushrooms.

Front 42

Glycogen

Back 42

Animal starch. Stored in liver and skeletal muscle.

Front 43

Lipids

Back 43

Contain one glycerol and three fatty acids. Purposes:

Energy Storage- Release 9 cal per lipid.
Structural- Make up the cell membrane
Endocrine- Some are in hormones.

Front 44

Glycerol

Back 44

An alcahol

Front 45

Fatty Acid

Back 45

Hydrogen Chain. Building blocks of lipids. Two types: Saturated and Unsaturated.

Front 46

Saturated Fats

Back 46

Come from animals. Solid at room temp. Not good for heart. Contain single bonds between carbon atoms.

Front 47

Unsaturated Fats

Back 47

Extracted from plants, liquid at room temp. Good fats. Have a double bond between carbon atoms. Fewer Hydrogen atoms.

Front 48

Proteins

Back 48

Polymer or polypeptide made of amino acids and joined by peptide bonds. Responsable for growth and repair. 4 cal. per protein. Consist of Sulfer, Phosphate, Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen. 20 Amino Acids, Ezymes are proteins.

Front 49

Dipeptide

Back 49

Molocule consiting of two amino acids connected by a peptide bond.

Front 50

Protein function depends on...

Back 50

Shape

Front 51

Primary Structure of Protein

Back 51

Results from sequence of AA, making a chain

Front 52

Secondary Structure of Protein

Back 52

Results from hydrogen bonding within molocules.

Front 53

Protein shape is dependent on...

Back 53

Four Levels

Front 54

Tertiary Structure of Protien

Back 54

3D shape of protein that most directly determines the shape and function. This is what denatures when a protein is changed.

Front 55

Denatrue

Back 55

To lose the natural shape

Front 56

Quanternary Structure of Protein

Back 56

Refers to proteins with more than one polypeptide chain.

Front 57

Nucleic Acids

Back 57

DNA and RNA. Polymers of nucleotides. Contain the genetic Code

Front 58

Polymer

Back 58

Chains of repeating units

Front 59

Nucleotide

Back 59

Contains a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar (Deoxyribose of Ribose) and a nitrogenous base. Building blocks of DNA and RNA that store the genetic code. 4 bases: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Thymine. In RNA, Thymine is changed to Uracil.

Front 60

Purine

Back 60

Bigger nucleotides, Adenine and Guanine

Front 61

Pyrimidines

Back 61

Smaller nucleotides, Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil

Front 62

Enzyme

Back 62

Large protein that speed up reactions by lowering energy of activation. Works on a substrate. Reused. End in the "-ase" ending. Work with coenzymes and cofactors. Affected by pH and temperature. Denature in bad conditions. Enzyme must fit into substrate in order for reaction to occur.

Front 63

Energy of Activation in Enzymes

Back 63

Amount of energy needed to begin a reaction.

Front 64

Substrate

Back 64

Chemical that an enzyme works with

Front 65

Active Site

Back 65

Where the enzyme and substrate meet

Front 66

"-ase" ending

Back 66

Enzyme

Front 67

Coenzyme

Back 67

Vitamins

Front 68

Cofactors

Back 68

Minerals

Front 69

Prions

Back 69

Infectious proteins that cause brain disease. Mad Cow Disease is part of this. A prion is a misfolded version of a protein found in the brains of animals. A prion can cause all the regular proteins to misfold as well.