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26 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between deoxyribonucleotides and causes the 2 strands of DNA to separate
Helicase
What protein attaches to the separated strands of DNA and prevents them from snapping back together into a double helix
Single-strand DNA-binding Proteins (SSBPs)
What enzyme cuts DNA and allows it to unwind and then rejoins it ahead of the advancing replication fork?
Topoisomerase
What enzyme catalyzes the polymerization of ribonucleotides into RNA?
RNA polymerase
For the lagging strand of DNA, how are the Okazaki fragments connected?
DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the adjacent fragments
What is a replisome?
the multi-molecular machine that copies DNA which includes DNA polymerase, helicase, primase, and other enzymes
What is the region at the end of a linear chromosome that does not contain genes that code for products needed in the cell?
Telomeres
What enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template and carries an RNA molecule with it that acts as a built in template, allowing it to add DNA onto the end of a chromosome and prevent the telomere from getting shorter
Telomerase
DNA is ______ to mRNA by RNA polymerase and then mRNA is ______ to proteins by ribosomes
transcribed, translated
is short lived and carries info from DNA to the site of protein synthesis
messenger RNA (mRNA)
catalyzes the synthesis of RNA, polymerizes ribonucleotides into strands of RNA, synthesis RNA molecules according to the info provided by the sequence of bases in a particular stretch of DNA, and does NOT require a primer
RNA polymerase
-summarizes the flow of information in cells
-DNA-->RNA-->proteins
-The sequence of bases in DNA specifies the sequence of bases in RNA, which specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein
central dogma
-process of copying hereditary information in DNA to RNA
-DNA is ______ to RNA by RNA polymerase
Transcription, transcribed
-process of using the information in nucleic acids to synthesize proteins
-mRNA is ______ to proteins, in ribosomes.
Translation, translated
causes RNA to flow back to DNA
reverse transcriptase
Amino acids are coded for by ______.
Triplet codes (3-base codes)
Signals that protein synthesis should begin at that point on the mRNA molecule
-start codon
AUG (methionine)
Signal that the protein is complete and end the translation process
-stop codons
UAA, UAG, UGA
What are the different types of point mutations?
Missense, silent, nonsense, and frame shift
a change in nucleotide that changes amino acid specified by the codon
missense mutation
point mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of the gene product
-occurs at the 3rd position of the codon
silent mutation
change in nucleotide that results in early stop codon, premature termination, and the polypeptide is truncated
-usually deleterious
Nonsense mutation
addition or deletion of a nucleotide
-reading frame is shifted
-massive missense that is usually deleterious
Frame Shift
What are the chromosome level mutations
inversion, translocation
segments of a chromosome break off, flip, and rejoin
inversion
segments of a chromosome break off, and attach to a different chromosome
translocation