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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Both the urinary & genital systems develop from a common ridge of intermediate mesoderm known as what?
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intermediate mesoderm
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What factor must be present for male development to occur?
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testis determining factor
(from SRY gene on Y chromosome) |
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Obj.
Understand the different stages of the development in females |
1. Initial stage- genital (gonadal) ridges form on either side of midline
2. Developing stage- primordial germ cells populate genital ridge -ridges proliferate and form primitive sex cords *female development begins- sex cords dissociate into irregular primitive germ cell clusters -vascular stroma form -surface epithelium proliferates into cortical cords -cords split into isolated follicular cells around oogonia 3. Indifferent stage- mesonephric ducts degenerate -Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts form (if MIS absent) -2 cloaca folds unite as genital tubercle -folds differentiate into urethral (urogenital) & anal folds (external genitalia begin to develop) |
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Obj.
Understand the different stages of the development in males |
1. Initial stage- genital (gonadal) ridges form on either side of midline
2. Developing stage- primordial germ cells populate genital ridge -ridges proliferate and form primitive sex cords *male development begins- sex cords penetrate medulla & proliferate as testis/medullary cords 3. Indifferent stage- Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts form (if testosterone present) -paramesonephric ducts degenerate (MIS present) -2 cloaca folds unite as genital tubercle -folds differentiate into urethral (urogenital) & anal folds (external genitalia begin to develop) |
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In females, medullary cords do NOT form. What are they replaced by?
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vascular stroma of ovarian medulla
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Oogonia + follicular cells = ________________
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primary follicle
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Obj.
Differentiate the development of external sex organs in females. |
-paramesonphric tubules canalize to form vaginal fornices & upper 1/3 vagina
-sino-vaginal bulbs form vaginal plate -vaginal plate forms lower 2/3 of vagina -2 portions become continuous -estrogen slows genital tubercle growth -genital tubercle becomes clitoris -urethral folds undergo slow growth & become labia minora surrounding vestibule -genital swellings appear on each side of urethral folds & eventually become labia majora |
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Obj.
Differentiate the development of external sex organs in males. |
- testosterone causes differentation of mesonephric duct into external genitalia:
epididymis ductus deferens ejaculatory duct (w/ seminal vesicles) -testes secrete androgen causing genital tubercle to enlongate & form phallus -urethral folds fuse & form spongy penile urethra -genital swellings appear on each side of urethral folds & eventually become scrotal swellings |
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Obj.
Know the derivatives of the embryonic structures in adult females |
paramesonephric ducts= upper portion of vagina, endometrial lining of uterus & uterine (fallipian) tubes
mesonephric ducts= epoophoron & paroophoron & Gartner's glands |
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Obj.
Know the derivatives of the embryonic structures in adult males |
paramesonephric ducts= prostatic utricle & appendix testis
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Double layer of membrane w/ small holes for passage of vaginal secretions & menstruations (after puberty) located at distal portion of vagina is called what?
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hymen
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Obj.
Describe bicornate uterus |
2 uterine horns w/ common vagina
-due to failure of paramesonephric ducts to fuse |
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Obj.
Describe double uterus & vagina |
2 uterine tubes into 2 seperate vaginas
-due to failure of fusion of paramesonephric ducts & sinovaginal bulbs |
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Obj.
Describe Vaginal atresia |
lack of functional vagina (no external opening for uterus)
-due to failure of sinovaginal bulbs to develop or vaginal plate to canalize |
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Obj.
Describe hypospadias |
abnormal opening(s)
-due to incomplete fusion of urethral folds |
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Obj.
Describe epispadias |
penis with dorsal opening & exposed urethra
-due to too far caudal genital tubercle *usually exists w/ exstrophy of the bladder |
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Obj.
Describe micropenis |
tiny penis
-due to insufficient androgen stimulation, endocrinal causes (hypogonadism, hypothalamic, or pituitary dysfunction) |
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Obj. sex differentiation abnormality:
Female Psuedohermaphroditism Give causes, manifestations, and consequences. |
Causes: normal karyotype, chromatin (+)
congenital adrenal hyperplasia= excess androgen & ACTH, decreased steroid hormones Manifestations: masculinization of external genitalia (clitoris enlargment) Consequences: inborn def of 21beta-hydroxylase enzyme |
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Obj. sex differentiation abnormality:
True Hermaphroditism Give causes, manifestations, and consequences. |
Causes: normal karyotype
Manifestations: ambiguous or predominately female genitalia Consequences: both testes & ovaries, usually uterus |
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Obj. sex differentiation abnormality:
Klinefelters (Sex Chromosonal Disorder) Give causes, manifestations, and consequences. |
Causes: 47, XXX + Barr body (inactivated X)
Manifestations: female, tall, long extremities, gynecomastia, male hair distibution, & infertility Consequences: testicular atrophy (hypogonadism) |
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Obj. sex differentiation abnormality:
Turner Syndrome (Sex Chromosonal Disorder) Give causes, manifestations, and consequences. |
Causes: 45, X
Manifestations: female, short, webbed neck, inverted nipples, infertility, & immature female ext genitalia Consequences: ovarian dysgenesis (streak gonads) due to oocyte loss |
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Obj. sex differentiation abnormality:
Androgen Insensitivity Give causes, manifestations, and consequences. |
Causes: normal karyotype (male), chromatin (-)
lack of andorgen receptors or tissue insensitivity to receptor-DHT complex Manifestations: normal external female genitalia, testes present internally Consequences: no spermatogenesis, absence of uterus & uterine tubes w/ short blind vagina (due to MIS effect) *also called testicular feminization syndrome & male psuedohermaphroditism |
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What is the most common major abnormality of sex differentiation (1:500 males); major cause of infertility due to hypogonadism,
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Klinefelters
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What is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea?
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Turner syndrome
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What sex differentation abnormality is associated w/ a high risk of malignancy in testes?
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androgen insensitivity syndrome
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