Russian History Exam 1

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Supreme Privy Council

Back 1

A body of Advisors to Caherine I. Originally included 6 Members (including Alexander Menshikov).

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Feofan Prokopovich

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archbishop and statesman in Russian Empire. Impressed Peter with his eloquence. Assisted with Ecclesiastical Regulation and Holy Synod

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Streltsy

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musketeers in the 16th to early 18th centuries.

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crimean tatars

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turkic speaking ethnic group residing in Crimea

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Mikhail Lomonosov

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Russian scientist and polymath. Made contributions to literature, education, and science.

Hint 5

1711-1765

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Paul I

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emperor of Russia from 1796-1801

Hint 6

1796-1801

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Treaty of Nystad

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Ended the great Northern war. Russia acquired the territories of Estonia, Livonia, and Ingria. Peter would replace king Frederick of Sweden. This marked Russia as a great power.

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Nikolai Novikov

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Russian writer and philanthropist. Considered to be representative of his country's enlightenment.

Hint 8

1744-1818

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Emelian Pugachev

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1740-1775. a pretender to the russian throne who led a cossack rebellion against Catherine.

Hint 9

russian pretender to throne

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Nakaz

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a statement of legal principles authorized by Catherine II. Influenced by ideas from the french enlightenment.

Hint 10

created as a guide for a commission created to replace old muscovite codes of law

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Peter III

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emperor of Russia for 6 months in 1762

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Old Believers

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became separated from the Russian Orthodox church after the arguments of Patriarch Nikon

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Patriarch Nikon

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7th Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, introduced reforms which would lead to a schism in the Russian Orthodox church

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Cossacks

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a traditional community of people living in the steppe

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Vasilli Kliuchevskii

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Russian Historian from the turn of the 19th to 20th century. Still considered one of russia's most reputable historians.

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Table of Ranks

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instituted during Peter the Great's reign, system that could raise your social status to that of a hereditary noble, based on court, state and military service

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Poltava

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one of the turning points of the Great Northern War with Sweden, Russian victory

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Ecclesiastical Regulation

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Peter the Great and Prokopovich, created Holy Synod ("college" of church), resulted in the shutting down of many monasteries

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Oberprokuror of the Holy Synod

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the overseer of the Holy Synod, secular

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Truth of the Monarch's Will

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PTG, emperor gets to choose his own successor, succession crisis because of Peter's unexpected death, enables a female Russian ruler

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Elizabeth I

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Peter the Great's daughter, seized power in palace coup, cultural development (U of Moscow, etc.)

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Eastern Question

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during Catherine the Great's reign, what to do with crumbling Ottoman Empire, began Slav nat'l consciousness and rivalries, Russian-Ottoman wars

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Treaty if Kuchuk-Kainarji

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end of the first Rusian/Turkish war, peace treaty that gave Russia more territory and gave the Turkish indemnity, Russia also got right to build a chuch in the Ottoman Empire

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Greek Project

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in between 1st and 2nd Turkish wars; this was the reconstruction of the Byzantine Empire - the goal was to kick the Turks out of Europe and turn the region Orthodox Christian

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Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow

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Fictional travel account by Radischev, criticized serfdom, Radischev was 1st "intelligent"

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Bironovschchina

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during reign of Anna Ivanovna, evil era of..., because Biron (her lover) tended to dictate her rule

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Peter III

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favored Prussia, Manifesto on the Freedom of the Nobility, Lutheran

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Anna Ivanovna

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ripped up Privy Council's conditions, reinstated Secret Chancellery

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Manifesto on Freedom From Service

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1762, freed nobles from compulsary service

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Legislative Commission

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Catherine's attempt to modernize Russia's laws, delegates from all Russian walks of life, debate, ended b/c of 1st Turkish war (see Nakaz)

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Bronze Horseman

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statue of Peter the Great created by Falconet, in St. Petersburg

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B.F. Rastrelli

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Russian architect, built Winter Palace among other things, used baroque and Italian style, not favored by Catherine

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Barshchina and Obrok

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Labor and money, the two things a serf must do for their owners

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Kasha

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porridge, staple of Russian peasant diet

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Isabel de Madariaga

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author of Catherine the Great: A Short History, historian

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Grigori Potemkin

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general field-marshall under Catherine the Great, sent to colonize the steppes of Russia after the Treaty of KK, term "Potemkin Villages" - give off air that they're okay but really they are stricken with poverty, etc

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Moscow: the Third Rome

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Rome, Greece, Moscow - Moscow will never fall

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1785 Charter to the Russian Nobility

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Catherine the Great, noble assemblies, free from service, punishment and poll tax, only a court of peers could strip them of nobility

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Foreign Suburb

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St. Petersburg

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Great Embassy

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also called Grand Embassy, under Peter the Great, Russian diplomatic mission to broaden the Holy League alliance against the Turks

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Unofficial Committee

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during the reign of Alexander I, drew up constitution in effort to overhaul Russia's current legal system, establised 8 "ministries" and got rid of the colleges

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Speranskii

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great Russian reformer, worked with Unofficial Committee, against serfdom, attampted to write new constitution - wanted a constitutional monarchy

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Tilsit

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1807, meeting between Alexander and Napoleon, peace treaty, Russia now integrated in continental system

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Holy Alliance

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came from 1915's Congress of Vienna, after Alexander had become religious - it was a religious policy that campaigned Christian harmony and basically outlawed war

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Alexander Herzen

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Russian radical, called the era of Nicholas I "the era of outward slavery and inward emancipation", westernizer, important in krozhoks

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Decembrists

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1825, liberal aristocratic patriots - two primary secret societies, the Northern Society and Southern Society (more radical) - rebellion on December 14 (Russia's first revolution!)

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Sergei Uvarov

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ministry of education, campaigned the Official Philosophy in 1833

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Official Philosophy

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campaigned by Uvarov, three most important things are autocracy, orthodoxy and nationality

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Bazarov

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nihilist character in Turgenev's Fathers and Sons - reflection of the time (Marvelous Decade)

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N. Stankevich

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believed in the organic human process, important in the Russian debate circles (krozhok)

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Mikhail Bakunin

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the father of Russian anarchism, believed in resistance of all authority, dependence on personal liberty and destruction

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Crimean War

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1853-1856 (during Alexander II's reign) - ended with the Treaty of Paris

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Zemstvo

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1864, the first Russian assembly, with representatives from all three groups of society but mostly nobles, successful in the fields of health and public education

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Emancipation Proclamation

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1861, serfs are freed but they are still temporarily bound to their masters - commune once again becomes important

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Redemption payments

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part of the Emancipation Proclamation, in order to get land for themselves the freed serfs would have to pay redemption payments for 49 years

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Military Colonies

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ended with the military reforms of the 1860's

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"What is to be done?"

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written by Chernyshevskii, a book for intelligent radicals, against serfdom, the chapter on the 'extraordinary man' forms the prototype for the disciplined revolutionary

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Alexander III

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ruled from 1881-1894 - the themes of his reign were 1) reform (counter-reforms of Alexander II), 2) Russification, 3) peace, and 4) industrialization

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Konstantine Pobedonostev

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Oberprokurator of the Holy Synod from 1880-1905, Alexander III's principal advisor, extreme proponent of the Official Philosophy

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Sergei Witte

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minister of the economy, Trans Siberian and Eastern Chinese railroads, helped Russia industrialize greatly, abolished the poll tax

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G. Plekhanov

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father of Russian Marxism, main transmitter of the movement, created the first Russian Marxist "party" which was called the Emancipation of Labor Group

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RSDLP

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1898, Russian Social Democratic Labor Party - group eventually splits into the Bolsheviks (true revolutionaries, under Lenin) and the Mensheviks

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1905

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countrywide strike, occurs after Bloody Sunday

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Father Gapon

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created the first worker's union on 1904 who advocated simple civil liberties, they attempted to bring a mild petition to the Winter Palace in January 1905 and were met with open fire - Bloody Sunday - marked the end of the holy image of the tsar

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October Manifesto

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Russians get basic civil liberties, duma (parliament) established, start of political parties, limitation of tsar's powers

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Mir/obshchina (peasant commune)

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once again became important amongst the peasants after the Emancipation of 1861, communes ruled by elders, land redistribution, etc.

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Treaty of San Stefano

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1878, peace treaty that declared the independence of the Ottoman states (occured at the end of the Balkan Crisis)

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M. Kutuzov

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Russian field marshall for the Battle of Borodino

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Borodino

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major battle of the Fatherland War between Russia and France, ended with Moscow in flames and a victory for Russia (though many of the troops were killed)

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Nesselrode

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Russian foreign minister during Nicholas I's reign

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Slavophiles

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began during Nicholas I's reigh, believed that Russia's problems were caused by Western influence

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Third Section

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political police during Nicholas I's reign, very invasive, campaigned extreme censorship