Russia-Late 19Th Through 20Th Centuries

Front 1

Alexander II (1855-1881

Back 1

Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government

Front 2

Alexander III (1881-1894

Back 2

Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia.

Front 3

Boyar

Back 3

Russian noble

Front 4

Catherine the Great (1762-1796)

Back 4

An "enlightened despot" of Russia whose policies of reform were aborted under pressure of rebellion by serfs

Front 5

Church Statute of 1721

Back 5

A Holy Synod that replaced the office of patriarch. All of its members (lay and religious) had to swear allegiance to the czar.

Front 6

Crimean War (1853-1856)

Back 6

Conflict ostensibly waged to protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, in actuality to gain a foothold in the Black Sea. Turks, Britain, and France forced Russia to sue for peace. The Treaty of Paris (1856) forfeited Russia's right to maintain a war fleet in the Black Sea. Russia also lost the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia.

Front 7

Decembrist Revolt

Back 7

The 1825 plot by liberals (upper-class intelligentsia) to set up a constitutional monarchy or a republic. The plot failed, but the ideals remained.

Front 8

Duma

Back 8

Russian national legislature

Front 9

Emancipation Edict (1861

Back 9

The imperial law that abolished serfdom in Russia and, on paper, freed the peasants. In actuality they were collectively responsible for redemption payments to the government for a number of years.

Front 10

Father Gapon

Back 10

Leader of the factory workers who assembled before the czar's palace to petition him on January 1905 (Bloody Sunday).

Front 11

Ivan the Great-- (1462-1505 )

Back 11

The Slavic Grand Duke of Moscow, he ended nearly 200 years of Mongol domination of his dukedom. From then on he worked at extending his territories, subduing he nobles, and attaining absolute power.

Front 12

Ivan the Terrible--(1533-1584

Back 12

earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia

Front 13

Kulak

Back 13

An independent and propertied Russian farmer

Front 14

Mir

Back 14

Village commune where the emancipated serfs lived and worked collectively in order to meet redemption payments to the government.

Front 15

Nicholas II (1894-1917)

Back 15

The last czar of the Romanov dynasty, whose government collapsed under the pressure of World War 1.

Front 16

Sofia Perovskiai

Back 16

The first woman to be executed for a political crime in Russia. She was a member of a militant movement that assassinated Czar Alexander II in 1881

Front 17

Pugechev (1726-1775)

Back 17

Head of the bloody peasant revolt in 1773 that convinced Catherine the Great to throw her support to the nobles and cease internal reforms.

Front 18

Michael Romanov--(1613-16##)

Back 18

In 1613 an assembly of nobels chose Michael as the new czar. For the next 300 years the Romanov family ruled in Russia

Front 19

Peter Stolypin (1862-1911)

Back 19

Russian minister under Nicholas II who encouraged the growth of private farmers and improved education for enterprising peasants

Front 20

Sergei Witte (1849-1915 )

Back 20

Finance minister under whom Russia industrialized and began a program of economic modernization, founder of the Transiberian Railroad.

Front 21

Zemstovo

Back 21

A type of local government with powers to tax and make laws; essentially, a training ground for democracy, dominated by the property-owning class when established in 1864

Front 22

Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932)

Back 22

Revisionist German Social Democrat who favored socialist revolution by the ballot rather than the bullet-i.e, by cooperating with the bourgeois members of Parliament and securing electoral victories for his party (the SDP)

Front 23

"Cat and Mouse Act" (1913)

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Law that released suffragettes on hunger strikes from jail and then rearrested and jailed them again.

Front 24

Conservativc Party

Back 24

Formerly the Tory Party, headed by Disraeli in the nineteenth century

Front 25

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Back 25

British scientist whose Origin of Species (1859) proposed the theory of evolution based on his biological research

Front 26

Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)

Back 26

Leader of the British Tory Party who engineered the Reform Bill of 1867, which extended the franchise to the working class. Added the Suez Canal to English overseas holdings.

Front 27

Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935)

Back 27

French Jewish army captain unfairly convicted of espionage in a case that lasted from 1894 to 1906.

Front 28

Fabian Society

Back 28

Group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change

Front 29

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Back 29

Viennese psychoanalyst whose theory of human personality based on sexual drives shocked Victorian sensibilities

Front 30

William Gladstone--1809-1898

Back 30

English Prime Minister (Liberal) known as the "Grand Old Man." Instituted liberal reforms which were designed to remove long standing abuses without destroying existing institutions. He believed in Home Rule for Ireland. In 1870 he passed the Education Act of 1870 and the Order in Council which replaced patronage as a means of entering civil service with competitive examinations. In 1871 he removed the Anglician religion qualification for faculty positions at Oxford and Cambridge universities and introduced The Ballot act of 1872 which provided for a secret ballot

Front 31

Jean Jaures (1859-1914)

Back 31

French revisionist socialist who was assassinated for his pacifist ideals at the start of World War 1.

Front 32

Liberal Party

Back 32

Formerly the Whig Party, headed by Gladstone in the nineteenth century

Front 33

Friedrich Nietzeche (1844-1900

Back 33

German philosopher and forerunner of the modern existentialist movement; he stressed the role of the Ubermensch or Superman, who would rise above the common herd of mediocrity.

Front 34

Caroline Norton (1808-1877

Back 34

British feminist whose legal persistence resulted in the Married Women s Property Act (1883), which gave married women the same property rights as unmarried women

Front 35

Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928

Back 35

British suffragette and founder of the Women's Social and Political Union.

Front 36

Parliament Act of 1911

Back 36

Legislation that deprived the House of Lords of veto power in all money matters. (realistically curtails the power of the House of Lords).

Front 37

Paris Commune

Back 37

The revolutionary municipal council, led by radicals, that engaged in a civil war (March-May 1871) with the National Assembly of the newly established Third Republic, set up after the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco- Prussian War

Front 38

Rerum Novarum (1891

Back 38

Papal encyclical of Leo XIII (1878-1903) that upheld the right of private property but criticized the inequities of capitalism. It recommended that Catholics form political parties and trade unions to redress the poverty and insecurity fostered under capitalism

Front 39

Revisionists

Back 39

Marxists who believed that workers empowered to vote could obtain their ends through democratic means without revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, known as revisionism

Front 40

SDP

Back 40

The Social Democratic Party in Germany, based on Marx's Ideology

Front 41

Syllabus of Errors (1864)

Back 41

Doctrine of Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) that denounced belief in reason and science and attacked "progress, liberalism, and modern civilization."

Front 42

Syndicalism

Back 42

The French trade-unionist belief that workers would become the governmental power through a general strike that would paralyze society

Front 43

Syndicats

Back 43

French trade unions

Front 44

Vatican Council of 1870

Back 44

Gathering of Catholic church leaders that proclaimed the doctrine of papal infallibility.